education Essay -- essays research papers

Surburn Public Schools vs. City Public SchoolsWhat type of educational standards does the American family accept andexpect for their child? Article will compare and contrasttwo different types of schools. One school is located in an affluentsuburban community and the new(prenominal) school is located in a poor urban area. The suburban school has twice as many students as the urban school. Bothschools are located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania vicinity. One school isin jeopardy of closing due to poor student achievement and the otherschool is a nationally recognized Blue Ribbon School. The schools areonly five miles apart although they are many miles apart as faraway aseducational promise. What are the physical, financial, esthetic, andintrinsic values that enable one school community to be more productivethan the other? When it comes to education what standards does monastic order accept? Image entering into a cold, brick building that is dark and old. Theexterior of the building i s covered with graffiti. The football field isnothing but dirt and weeds the bleachers are made of weather beaten wood.Adjacent to the football field is a concrete basketball court, the rims donot have nets and the metal basketball backboard has not been painted in years. Theinterior of the building is not much better. The paint on the walls is adreary gray and maroon. There are wires suspension system from the ceiling. Thebuilding smells old and musty. As one walks into the school you areimmediately confronted by metal detectors, and a blocked off section forcrisis intervention. The building offers tether security guards, two schoolpolice, and two probation officers. The office is very busy, and chaotic.. The lunch that is being prepared in the cafeteria turns my stomach as Iwalk past. deal you believe I was describing a school? I wonder howchildren learn in this depressing environment. The school is sodepressing and old. It makes me not even neediness to come to school. The s chool is so depressing and old. It makes you not want to even come everyday. But I try to make the best out of it. Lamar energetic ... ...not. Hopefully, the factually and staff will not give up hope and try to stay positive leading the students in the right directions. At the city schools in Pittsburgh they do not seem to promote Historically Black colleges. Many students go to state schools but, I believe that these students will feel a since of community if they are guide to something that is very obtainable a higher education. Peabody should have a guidance consular office just like make Chapel because the students also need help. It seems as if the government has given up on the students that are not making the test scores instead of place more money into the future.How can two schools that are so close together be so far aparteducationally? Are the enatic values that far apart? Are Americansbecoming polarized again into the haves and have-nots? How can we changethe segre gated school systems that are cropping up all over the verdant?Should we start busing again? The schools that I saw are separate andunequal. Many suburbanites travel into the city to work, for cultural orathletic events and they should pay an educational appraise for the cityschools. Something has to be done

The Simpsons :: essays papers

The SimpsonsThe American animation The Simpsons is now in its 10th season as a show in its own right. It was created by lustrelessness Groening as shorts for the Tracy Ullman Show and was bought by the Fox Network, which began screening it as half-hour shows in 1989. Initially its success was restricted to the 9-16 year old get along group, and for animation there is nothing remarkable about this. Its success grew quickly and it is now popular in many countries with many different audiences. In the nineties we atomic number 18 seeing dramatic transformations in media industries and media cultures. In geographical terms, these transformations may be seen in the shift from national to global media. The Simpsons can be seen as both a remarkable piece of global culture and as a hugely successful piece of global television. (One need only looking for on an Internet search engine to discover that there are literally millions of Simpsons fan-sites around the world.). The Simpsons thems elves are a simple family in a dispirited town in Middle America called Springfield. They are Homer (loyal but stupid father), Marge (dissatisfied, trapped housewife/mother), Bart (rebellious son), Lisa (unappreciated genius daughter), and Maggie (silent baby). The show as well revolves around a number of other of the townsfolk, such as Mr Burns (Homers miserly boss), Smithers (Burnss loving assistant), Apu (Indian shop owner), Principal Skinner and Moe (owner of the local bar). There are a number of reasons why we cannot simply view The Simpsons as a cartoon like any other. The rules and conventions that it follows are far more those of television or cinema than those of animation. The humour within The Simpsons exists on many different levels ranging from the obvious to the subtle, from the literary to the movie reference, and beyond. But most importantly we must consider the shows dexterity to make significant social comment, on general issues of culture and society, but more specifically on television, film and media, and on audience viewing and credence of these media. Traditionally, cartoons have been action driven and animation. Aside from the use of cameras to create the visual illusion of depth (Walt Disney famously explained the complicated technique used to allow Mickey mouse to walk along a street without distorting depth or perspective), cartoons had a language of their own, unique and separate from that of cinema or television. They were simple and without layered meanings.

A White Lie in the Heart of Darkness Essay -- Essays Papers

A White evasiveness in the Heart of Darkness He cried in a whisper at some image, at some vision, he cried out twice, a cry that was no more than a breath The horror The horror (Conrad, Heart of Darkness, pg112)1. After returning to Brussels, Marlow pays a visit to Kurtz intended and brings these final words of Kurtz with him. When asked to reveal Kurtz last declaration, Marlow offers this The last word he pronounced was your name. (Heart, pg123). He lies. In this situation, with the possibility existing of inflicting severe emotional damage on an already grieving soul, should Marlow have lied? Of course, the answer is neither simple nor short, and depends severely on who is asked. The most relevant perspective naturally comes from Marlow himself. Marlow makes his feelings about lying clear early in his adventure. You know I hate, detest, and cant await a lie, not because I am straighter than the rest of us, but simply because it appals me. There is a taint of death, a flavour of mortality in lies, which is precisely what I hate and detest in the world what I want to forget. It makes me miserable and sick (Heart, pp49-50). Marlow doesnt hold much back here. He believes that lies are what is wrong with the world. That said, it seems that a third-person Marlow would severely disapprove of his actions, and would believe that he should have told the truth. This becomes even more evident after a glance at Marlows reaction after he does lie. It seemed to me that the house would collapse before I could escape, that the heavens would fall upon my head. (Heart, pg123). Marlow obviously sees his actions as in err, and is waiting for his punishment from above. ... ...(see Sources).2 This quote, and all other quotes from Immanuel Kants article, On the Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns, comes from the third edition of the James. W. Ellington translation. The citation be follow from the section numbers in that edition (see Sources).Sources Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London Penguin Books, 1995.Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1978.Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysikder Sitten). Translated by James W. Ellington. Cambridge Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993.Kant, Immanuel. On the Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns(Uber ein vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zu lugen). Translated by James W. Ellington. Cambridge Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993.

Tobacco Advertisements Essay -- Marketing, Legal Issues, Smoking

Tobacco advertisements have been a sensitive subject in America especially among parents who do non want their children to become smokers. I know from personal experience that tobacco is extremely toxic and can do major bodily harm. My grandfather was a chain smoker for over twenty years. He started smoking in his late teens and he died from lung problems that were caused by his addiction to cigarette smoking. My father is also a chain smoker and he started smoking when he was sixteen. He is starting to experience the same problems that my grandfather had due to his chain smoking. This history of smokers in my family has strike a cord in me. It has caused me to look further at the history of tobacco advertisements aimed to people under(a) the age of eighteen, past precedent in address that was passed based on these advertisements, and current trends in tobacco advertisements today.The first print tobacco advertisements that used celebrities as the main focus of the advertis ements came about during the 1950s in America. Huge celebrities such as Phillip Morris would endorse cigarette smoking in print advertisements. This type of marketing technique involves many social mental theories. one and only(a) theory is the Social Impact Theory. According to three authors the Social Impact Theory is, . . . interprets social pressure quite literally people experience psychological forces pressing on them, just as they experience physical forces such as sound and weight (Breckler, Olson, and Wiggins 431). One sub-category of this theory is the Liking Technique. According to Steven Breckler, mob Olson, and Elizabeth Wiggins the Liking Technique is, A strategy to increase compliance, based on the fact that people are more probably ... ... that they must spend $ five hundred million a year on anti-tobacco advertising (397). The problem with this is that some people such as McLaren question if these anti-tobacco advertisements really have an effect on the consumers in specific, consumers under the age of eighteen. (See exhibit B). Language in tobacco advertisements have certainly evolved and adapted itself since the 1950s. It is under constant watch by the FDA, which was make possible by class action suits that ultimately led to legislation such as the Tobacco Control Act, and the FDA Tobacco Regulation Bill. If people under the age of eighteen become more informed on the facts of language in tobacco advertisements, then they will probably be less likely to smoke a cigarette. So hopefully future generations will be the solution to this controversial subject of language in tobacco advertisements.

Better Living Through Chemicals :: Environmental Pollution Essays

Better Living Through ChemicalsFew things are more important than the air we breathe. From a factual and biological standpoint, in that respect is nothing more important. Before I begin this inquiry, I must disclose that I am not an environmentalist. This is not something I am eminent of by any stretch of the imagination. I admire those people who climb old growth trees and reside in the branches for days on end. They do this to allay these wonders of nature from developers and road crews. I acknowledge that some of my decisions may appear to be similar to those of an environmentalist but actually, my decisions have often been based on financial concerns. For example, my husband and I have shared one railcar for the last nine years. I used to let people infer that it was because we did not want to pollute and use up valuable resources. More than anything, I was simply impressed with myself that I could arrange a schedule that worked for two workings people. We were wo rking and going to school while relying on one car. Of course, occasionally we relied on public transportation. It wasnt easy I used to have to fix at school at 630 am on Fridays for a class that started at 400 pm. I made the best of it by using that time to study. A couple of weeks ago we bought a second car. Looking back, I do not know how we managed with just one car for so long. It is easy to forget, and even easier to get used to immediate convenience. There are costs and pay offs in life, always I have been mentation a lot lately about human nature, our environment, what we accept and what we choose to believe. I say choose because, if we listen to many scientists, they tell us we are changing our environment, and not for the better. Global warming and greenhouse gasses are a debatable topic. Does this dire situation exist or does it not? Are the icecaps melting, or are they not? It depends on who you talk to. I find this aspect very interesting. According to the Bush administration, we need more study on the issue. I suggest we read and respond to the studies already conducted.

Better Living Through Chemicals :: Environmental Pollution Essays

Better Living Through ChemicalsFew things are more important than the air we breathe. From a factual and biological standpoint, there is nothing more important. Before I begin this inquiry, I must disclose that I am not an environmentalist. This is not something I am proud of by any stretch of the imagination. I admire those people who climb old maturement trees and reside in the branches for days on end. They do this to save these wonders of nature from developers and road crews. I acknowledge that some of my decisions may appear to be identical to those of an environmentalist but actually, my decisions have often been based on financial concerns. For example, my husband and I have shared one car for the last niner years. I used to let people infer that it was because we did not want to pollute and use up valuable resources. More than anything, I was simply affect with myself that I could arrange a schedule that worked for two working people. We were working and going to school while relying on one car. Of course, occasionally we relied on humanity transportation. It wasnt easy I used to have to arrive at school at 630 am on Fridays for a flesh that started at 400 pm. I made the best of it by using that time to study. A couple of weeks ago we bought a second car. Looking back, I do not know how we managed with just one car for so long. It is easy to forget, and even easier to get used to immediate convenience. There are cost and pay offs in life, always I have been thinking a lot lately about human nature, our environment, what we accept and what we choose to believe. I assign choose because, if we listen to many scientists, they tell us we are changing our environment, and not for the better. Global warming and greenhouse gasses are a debatable topic. Does this stately situation exist or does it not? Are the icecaps melting, or are they not? It depends on who you talk to. I find this aspect very interesting. tally to the Bush administration, we need more study on the issue. I suggest we read and respond to the studies already conducted.

Language Problem in India Essay

India is one the greatest or well you can also say one of the weirdest countries in the world. its a republic u could never have thought would come over 50 years living together. Our country on its way had to deal with numerous great problems and the one I am going to speak about is the dustup problem that the Indians faced According to the linguistic survey of India, there ar 179 languages and 544 dialects Thats a pretty huge number. A lot of languagesMany people use different kinds of languagesit varies over place to placeFor example, Bengali is the language of the Hindu, Muslims and Christians alike in Bengal. It varies as per their state language their mother tongue etc.The Constitution of India recognizes twenty one official regional languages and Hindi as the national official language. In addition, English is used as a link language for communication between Hindi and non-Hindi states. An aspect of the language problem in India is that no language problem in India is that no language is spoken by an absolute majority of the people and even Hindi, the to the highest degree widely-spoken language-even if one disregards its various dialects is used by one about 40.42% of the total population of India. This, at the national level, there is no linguistic majority or minority in the arithmetical sense. Language problem becomes a barrerier in the way of economical development of the country.

History of Tourism Essay

Introduction roundistry is seen as one of the main industries in the humans. The solid ground Travel and touristry Council (2001) indicated that touristry creates more than ten percent of the global economical show upput and 1 in 10 jobs worldwide. touristry starts with the wealthy, with images of prestigious visits to seaside resorts and spas, Grand Tours and the activities of tune enterprisers such as Thomas Cook (T admiter, 1995). This paper describes the history and structure of the travel and touristry industry, the influence of topical anaesthetic and national governments and international agencies, local anaesthetic anesthetic and national economic policy, the effects of supply and inquire on the travel and tourism industry and the positive and negative impacts of tourism. taradiddleBased on my perception, I would categorize the history of travel & tourism industry in three different time bands as follows* Before 1945* 1945-1979* 1980 to actual dayBefore 1945In a ncient times and approximately till the end of the 16th century people were living in agriethnical communities was stationary, seldom moving from the local area and rural community. Even with the beginning of the industrial revolution, which was devising a slow start in the 18th century in urban and factory knowledge, a richer elite class alone enjoyed leisure and travel, while the workers worked in situ. Indeed as industrialization got under way leisure time or holidays where they existed tended to decrease (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) Prior to the 1950s, tourism was an industry which was inconsistent hotels, transport operators, tour operators, travel agents, all tended to work separately. Hotels were mainly in the business to sell bed nights.Railways and airlines were in the business to sell seats, Travel agents, were selling travel and holidays however in each case they tended to work very oft independently. Up until 1946, i.e. the period between the world wars, much of intern ational travelwas for the privileged, wealthy and elite groups in society. Thomas Cook introduced the first package tour in 1841, but in fact by that time the railways (The first passenger railway (Liverpool and Manchester) opened in 1830) themselves were offering excursion trips, for a business which they had non originally expected to carry. The first objective had been carriage of freight, and secondly the provision of faster transport for the current stagecoach travelers at far from shoddy prices. The popularity of cheap excursion fares for special events was not expected (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997)1945-1979If we look at the twelvemonth 1945 as the year in which the development of the main emersion in the tourism industry started, we give the gate construct whatsoever general explanation concerning to the changes which one can differentiate in the tourism industry. From the mid-1950s onwards, mainly in the UK, the development of tour operators started changing the character of the industry from individual business activities to more integrated activities. Hotels, for example, were beginning to see customers as wanting a range of work rather than simply buying accommodation. So hotels began to develop shopping arcades and later to offer secretarial centers in order to increase the spend of guests within the hotel complex. ecstasy operators, particularly in the airline business, saw the sale of transport services as being integral to a much wider need. Airlines offered insurance and accommodation interlocking for travelers (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997)From 1950 onwards a combination of factors, such as increase in free time availability, increase in paid holidays, improvement of package tours, and crop in air transport all combined to offer a wider possible holiday-taking market. This market was different regarding socioeconomic groups from the pre-1950 era.1980 to current dayBy the mid-eighties several airlines were offering full travel services suc h as arrangements for holidays, medical services, hiring car, etc. By 1990 the formation of the tourism industry, especially in the fall in Kingdom andatomic number 63, was effected by the development of a number of very big companies. In the USA, American anti-trust laws discouraged, if not prohibited, the development of whopping integrated companies. The come of American in operational tour has been very different from Europe, mainly compared with the United Kingdom (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997).Air travel improved even more rapidly. Nevertheless, this is alone piece of the story, as nonscheduled traffic (charter services) increased considerably as well. Making up an estimated 18 per cent of entireness movement by the 1980s and 50 per cent or more on European routes, where the charter traffic took over the greater part of the holiday movement, as tour operators genuine their own services (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997)FutureThe tourism business is likely to make important help to gl obal economic development in the twenty first century. The cultural backing and understanding that is brought about through tourism is causing a more peaceful and internationalized universal society. Besides contributing to the expansion and renovation of local economies and communities, tourism development is playing an important role in both enhancing education and improving the position of the tourism business aimed at nurturing the attached multiplication of those ready to take on the tourism business.The Structure of Travel & Tourism IndustryThis is the Leipers modelThere are 5 key elements of a tourism system1. Departing Travelers2. Traveler Generating Region3. Transit Route Region4. Tourist Destination Region5. Returning TravelersThe first is the tourist (the human component), the next 3 components are geographical and organizational and relate to transport, tourist activities and the tourism industry which offers services, goods and facilities for tourists. The last is se lf explanatory. And the environment Economic, Technological, Physical, Political, Socio-cultural, legal, etc. There aresome contemporary influences1. Changing legal actions and motivations of markets2. Changing patterns of tourist flows3. Require for planned tourism expansion4. Force for sustainable tourism expansion5. Concern for social, cultural and economic impacts of tourismThe influence of local and national governments and international agencies The position of government is an essential and multipart side of travel and tourism industry, involving policies. State involvement in the trade is a unobjectionablely recent practice for central government. In general the articulate recognizes that the duties of the public celestial sphere must cover such matters as health, safety, fair trading and consumer interests and infrastructure in transport such as roads, railways and ports. These are all matters of direct concern to the resident population. There is a mixed magnetic disc in the provision of leisure facilities, environmental protection and conservation which includes responsibility for the unique cultural heritage, an important part of Europes visitor attractions (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997).The state tourism agency, tourist board or government department will have an important role to play in advising on the strategy, offering opportunities to bring up and cooperate with a dispersed private sector, and preparing a destination marketing strategy creationd on an identification of the appropriate markets and their needs and wishes (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997).Based on periodic surveys of the government role by the WTO, the OECD and individual countries, the principal functions of a Ministry of Tourism or of agencies under government control can be summarized as1. Research, statistics and planning.2. Marketing.3. Development of tourism re parentages.4. Regulation, including trade regulation.5. Training and education.6. Facilitation/liberalization.Local governmentsAt the local level the partingal or local authority has a role alike to that of the central government and in many ways a more comprehensive and important one. Indeed, in the early days of mass travel affect by the growth of the railway nedeucerk, public sector intervention in tourism was solely at the local level. There were no national tourism organizations. The growth of large resorts, pioneered in Britain at the main seaside canters, encouraged the development of local tourism administrations to carry out the responsibilities of the host destination (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). world(prenominal) organizationsThere are a number of international bodies, both governmental and nongovernmental, with tourism interests. Government bodies reflect the national governments interest in, and political will regarding, tourism intervention. In the industrialized countries, the tourism priority tends to be low. Because of the wide range of tourism activity the number of organizati ons with some concern or responsibility is great, but coordination and often cooperation as at the national level is weak.Furthermore, consultation with industry and operating sectors is often inadequate, as the sectors vox is weak. The main sector industry bodies inevitably present the case of their own trade, sometimes as in modes of transport in a competitive situation. frankincense the collective tourism approach is hard to organize and sustain, even when cooperation at the operating level is effective (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997).United Nations World Tourism OrganizationThe World Tourism Organization (UNWTO/OMT) is a specialized agency of the United ?Nations and the leading international organization in the field of tourism. It serves as a ?global assemblage for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how (UNWTO 20071).? The World Tourism Organization plays a role in promoting the development of responsible, ?sustainable and universally accessible tourism, paying particular attention to the ?interests of developing countries?.The Organization encourages the implementation ?of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, with a view to ensuring that member ?countries, tourist destinations and businesses increase the positive economic, ?social and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing its ?negative social and environmental impacts (www.wikipedia.org). The WTO has made efforts recently to strengthen its cogitate with commercial and non-government partners through its system of affiliate membership which should help in the provision of practical guidance and as a basis for cooperative action (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997).Impact of political change on the travel and tourism industry Tourism growth in many countries has not been this high, in particular those countries were set about with a range of political unstableness that have made happen to hold back development in tourism. The political aspects of tourism are distort with its economic consequencestourism is not only a continuation of politics but an integral part of the worlds political economy. In short, tourism is, or can be, a tool used not only for economic but for political means (Edgell, 1990).IRANTourism in Iran before the accession of the theocracy was characterized by a significant numbers of visitors traveling to Iran for its diverse attractions, boasting cultural splendors and a diverse and beautiful landscape suitable for a range of activities. Tourism declined dramatically during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s but has subsequently revived.Since the Iranian revolution in 1979, the majority of visitors to Iran have been religious pilgrims and businesspeople. Official figures do not distinguish between those traveling to Iran for business and those coming for pleasure, and they also include a large number of Diaspora Iranians reverting to visit their families in Iran or making pilgrimages to holy Shia sites near Mashhad a nd elsewhere. Despite the international tensions, the government continues to project strong rises in visitor numbers and tourism revenue over the forecast period, and to berate of projects to build an additional 100 hotels, for example, to expand its currently limited stock. In the early 2000s the industry still faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, regulatory norms, and violence training.Inlate 2003 there were about 640 hotels in Iran and around 63,000 beds. Officials state that Iran has in recent years earned about US$1bn a year from tourism. Iran currently ranks 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. Iran with attractive natural and historical sites is rated among the 10 close to touristic countries in the world. Close to 1.8% of national employment is generated in the tourism sector which is slated to increase to 10% in the next five years. Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some separate of the world, and absence of ef ficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of (www.wikipedia.org).CHINAAfter Maos death, one of the most senior officials who had advocated private plots in the early 1960s, Deng Xiaoping, initiated gradual market reforms that abolished the communes and collectivized industries of Mao, replacing them with the free-market system. Dengs reforms vastly improved the standard of living of the Chinese people, the fighting of the Chinese economy, and caused China to become one of the fastest growing and most important economies in the world. It also led to one of the most rapid industrializations in world history. For this achievement he is sometimes known as The Venerated Deng. As a result of Dengs reforms, China is widely regarded as a returning superpower. Tourism in China has greatly expanded over the last few decades. The emergence of a newly rich middle class and an backup man of restrictions on movement by the Chinese authorities are both fueling t his travel boom. China has become one of the worlds most-watched and hottest outward-bound tourist markets.The world is on the cusp of a sustained Chinese outbound tourism boom. China is the worlds fourth largest country for inward tourism. The number of overseas tourists was 55 million in 2007. Foreign exchange income was 41.9 billion U.S. dollars, the worlds fifth largest in 2007. The number of domestic tourists be 1.61 billion, with a total income of 777.1 billion yuan. According to the WTO, in 2020, China will become the largest tourist country and the fourth largest for overseas travel. In terms of total outbound travel spending, China is currently ranked fifth and is expected to be the fastest growing in the world from 2006 to 2015, jumping into the number two slot for total travelspending by 2015 (www.wikipedia.org).The effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industry Most studies modeling the demand for tourism have either used visitor arrivals or tourism ear nings as a dependent variable (Narayan, 2002). Tourism demand is base on which all tourism related business decisions eventually rest. Companies and governments as a point incase, tour operators, hotels, airlines, and leisure facility providers are interested in the demand for their products by tourists. The accomplishment of many businesses depends completely on the status of tourism demand, and final management collapse is pretty often because of the collapse to fiddle market demand.Influencing FactorsAs we all experience the change around us the questions arises how these developments will have an impact on tourism demand. To name just a few categories * Economy (e.g. from BIP over exchange rates to perceived risk of loosing the job) * Politics (e.g. the enlargement of the EU, taxation, environment) * Crisis and threats (e.g. terrorism, epidemic diseases, earth quakes) * Demographic Change (e.g. age structure, migration, educational level) * Technology (e.g. transport, communica tion, reading) In addition we have to take into account the influences coming from general changes in consumer attitudes and, finally, the tourism industry itself, of course influencing the demand side of tourism (e.g. standardization of products, information channels, (over) capacities and price strategies). All these factors are linked to each other(a) (Lohmann 2004).How can these factors have an impact?Holiday demand is driven by needs, motives, and expectations, its realization depends on the individual economic situation and the freedom to travel. Thus* External factors may have an impact on tourism demand by affecting the ability to travel (freedom, time, money, fitness) and the motivation to do so.* Consumer Behavior is not a reaction on a single factor but on the whole set of influencing international factors. In addition it is driven by internal factors (e.g. motives, abilities etc.). Thus, the impact of achange in a single external factor is limited Most of the external factors seem to be in favor for a sound development of tourism demand in Europe in the years to come. However, there are no signs for a general boom (Lohmann 2004).SupplyWhile many tourism studies are focused on the demand side of tourism that is, the tourist, the supply side of the industry is often overlooked. Supply is seen as being modeled by five independent components attractions, transportation, services, information and promotion. Most important component is the tourism attraction (Gunn, C. A. 1997). The supply of recreation and tourism is a complex combination of natural amenities, recreational sites, access, and private sector business activity which is influenced by an array of factors that act to provide opportunities that satisfy leisure-based travel demands. Measures of recreational site density that account for both physical/geographic size and population, or social capacity are used as key explanatory variables in models of tourism dependence (Marcouiller, Prey, 200 4).The Positive and Negative companionable and Environmental Impacts of Tourism The range impacts of Tourism include economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Impacts could be negative and positive, but should never be undervalued. The conception of sustainability is factored into these tourism impacts, when the size of the impacts turns out to be large enough to intensely change socio-cultural, environmental and economic areas of a tourist destination. Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism can be both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer and corrupter of indigenous refinements, a source of ecological destruction, an assault of peoples privacy, dignity, and authenticity. Here are possible positive effects of tourism* Developing positive attitudes towards each other* accomplishment about each others culture and customs* Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes* Developing friendships* Developing pri de, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for each others culture* Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists* Psychological satisfaction with interactionSo, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive culture. Local communities are benefited through section by tourism to the improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction.For example in Uzbekistan, particularly in such famous regions as Samarqand, Buhara, and Horezm tourists contribute significantly to the pres ervation of traditional handcrafting timber carving, hammered copper work, handmade silk and carpets, and of course to preservation and maintenance of architectural and historical monuments. Since Uzbekistan proclaimed its independence in 1991 many museums and monuments were renovated or opened to supercharge the national culture and traditions. Growing interest in this culture makes the local people proud of their way of life. On the other side tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion. Claims of tourism as a vital force for peace are exaggerated. Indeed there is little evidence that tourism is drawing the world together (Robinson 1999).In this context economic and social impacts on the local community depend on how much of the incomes generated by tourists go to the host communities. In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travelers fees go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. On the other hand large hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the benefit of their presence. Tourism has the power to affect cultural change. Successful development of a resource can lead to numerous negative impacts. Among these are overdevelopment, assimilation, conflict, and artificialreconstruction.While presenting a culture to tourists may help preserve the culture, it can also dilute or even destroy it. The point is to promote tourism in the region so that it would both give incomes and create respect for the local tradition and culture. There are also both negative and positive impacts of tourism on the local ecology. Tourism often grows into mass-tourism. It leads to the over consumption, pollution, and lack of resources. However, from the ecological point of view tourism is often more acceptable and preferable than any other industrial production, as it is environmentally friendlier (Batir Mirbabayev, Malika Shagazatova, 2007).ConclusionTourism is widely believed to be the most rapidly growing industry in both developing and developed countries, consider tourism as one means for creating new jobs and reducing unemployment in different regions (Balali, 2009). The history of tourism is one of lumpy expansion, periods of massive growth interrupted by periods of recessions and stagnation (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). International travel and tourism is the backbone of globalization and enriches the world in many ways It promotes economic growth, increases trade, advances development, and creates higher available incomes. It also strengthens communities, and, by bringing together people from diverse regions and backgrounds, advances the goals of peace and global understanding. These benefits hold true for developing, emerging, and industrialized countries, and they provide a major programme on which other industries can build (Gro ss, 2007).

From Modernism to Post-Modernism

The Modernists wanted to surrender trick from the constraints of classicism and to promote exact, free thought but whether or not they succeeded is exempt a affair of debate. It began with Manets Impressionism on to the outrageousness of Dalis Surrealist Manifesto. It was an intellectual attack on classical thought. Modernism and its successor, Post-Modernism indulged the artisanic world in the subject of intellectual critical thinking and individualism and could be seen as the bravest contradiction to what art was previously believed to be.Modernism infiltrated every conformation of thought including philosophy, law, music, literature and architecture. It wanted the world to pretend their own thoughts and not believe what they were told to believe. Yet how different was Post-Modernism from Modernism? Did it succeed in changing the way people think and is it really art for arts sake? In this essay we examine these questions with reference to artist who were prominent Modernis ts.By definition modernism is period dating from roughly the 1860s through the 1970s and is used to describe the style and ideology of art produced during that era.(Witcombe, 1997). Therefore this era of art included styles such as Impressionism, Surrealism and Realism. It is a bounteous spectrum from which to work. Arguably, Monet was the father of Impressionism, who saw the value of art no monthlong in reproducing the subject in detail and to perfection, but rather to capture the moment in time that could never be captured again. Professor Witcombe of Sweet Briar College says that it is generally agreed that Edouard Manet was the first of the modernist painters (Witcombe, 1997).Classical artists had been preoccupied with classical subjects, particularly in the wild-eyed period such as Delacroix and David (Witcombe, 1997). Modernism appeared to pass on failed in the first 20th Century, with the collapse of the Communist movement. It seems that at that stage looking at Surreal ism for example, free thought and freedom of expression was about to be tested again with the onset of the World Wars. Yet where Modernism itself began and where it ended is still largely a mystery to most people. For instance, looking at the work of Cezanne in the early stages of the Modernist period, the essential breaking hatful of subjects to their smallest most geometric states gave rise to a form of minimalism that contradicted the complexity of the Modernist age.Sigmund Freud ushered in the new age of mental evaluation with world-shaking consequences and his caprices stretched from philosophical thought through to the film in ashesry. Acceptably k without delayn to have influenced the work of painter Salvador Dali and film-maker Alfred Hitchcock, Freuds modern thought was seeking to free the mind of the constraints of classically accepted reality. Essentially (as with the Cezannes art), this meant breaking humanity down to its smallest and simplest parts.As Witcombe describ es it, it should be clear that modernist culture is Western in its orientation, capitalist in its determining economic tendency, bourgeois in its class character, white in its racial complexion, and masculine in its dominant gender.(Witcombe, 1997). As art became freed of the bonds of classical feudal law, so society attempted to pursue liberalism with Karl Marxs Utopia rising and fall abruptly with the failure of Communist Russia.There was at this stage too a profound interest in understanding the human interaction. The old idea of science as a purely empirical discipline gave rise to the human element in the work of sociologist Max Weber (Ludington, 2000). fine artists no longer wished to conform to a particular style of art but preferred to create their own signature style. Even in the Impressionist school, a distinguishing actor could be found in each of the artists making them individual Monet, Renoir, Manet, Degas and Van Gogh.Picassos solid external outline and geometric s hape washbowl be seen distinctly in the work of Paul Cezanne, meaning that his idea was not entirely original but influenced by previous artists. The idea of beingness unique and inventing a new art was and always will be contested by the reality that and influence recreates the already created. Modernism was meant to free the artist of this exact emotion as well as being representative of the present social climate. This could be seen effectively in the work of Gustav Klimt and Antoni Gaudi in the early 1900s. The imposture Nouveau period specifically identified the new-found freedom of money and if there was none, to at least pretend there was.Casa Battlo (1906-1908), Antoni Gaudi architectural piece, resembled the carefree nature of the Art Nouveau period. Being completely fantasy and out of this world it appears it could have been made from an assortment of candy rather than brick and mortar. The dream-like realm for which Surrealism became known is subtly different to this i n its pure indulgence and decadence.Previously the Church had been the patron of the arts, meaning that most of the art that was endorsed was done so with the understanding that it would be classical in nature, whence ranking Gaudi as particularly rebellious in this aspect. The Renaissance architect Brunelleschi, whos Dome of the Cathedral in Florence can be seen as poles unconnected from Gaudis offering, was controlled by the commands of the Church rather than pure self-indulgent imagination like Gaudis.Another aspect of Modernism that came into dramatic play was the approach of photography. With this reproduction of images it was no longer necessary to reproduce subjects as they were in reality or to record events. It did not take long for philosophical writers such as Roland Barthes to recognise that even with these remarkable prints of the past, they could never truly represent the subject they captured. With a photograph of his mother he was convinced that yes, this was his mother but, no it was also not his mother. It was in effect a picture of his mother. Rene Magritte in this era also painted his famous pipe entitled Ce nest pas une pipe, which said that while it was a pipe, it also wasnt.The reasoning behind this was that if you cannot actually smoke it, it cannot be a pipe. The question was to what extent does Modernist unpacking start over unpacking? The unpacking butt against of Modernism in terms of art is maybe best seen in the work of Salvador Dali. Freuds Interpretation of Dreams was one of the capital discoveries of my lifeI was seized with a real vice of self-interpretation, not only of my dreams but of everything that happened to me (The Great Artists. Vol 73 2311). The Persistence Of Memory 1931, by Salvador Dali is oil on canvas and is 9 inches by 13 inches in size. It shows a series of stopwatches melted over the motifs and there is double imagery.It includes a side profile of Dali himself. Completely Surrealist, Dali worked alongs ide Breton on the Surrealist Manifesto which attempted to free mankind of the constraints of the mind. Surrealism will usher you into death, which is a secret society. It will glove your hand, burying therein the profound M with which the treatment Memory begins.(Breton 1924). This was the core of Modernist thinking, that man should by all intents and purposes link beyond the real (or imagined reality) to what he really is (unpack himself). Like Freudian psychology the belief in Surrealism is that repressed memory locates itself in the subconscious constantly.This was called the superego, the responsibility of man to appease this memory leads to unexplained and unresolved dreams that often recur (Freud.194977). Compare this to the era we now live in, (the Post-modern era into which we have slipped) and the difference is that we are now trying to free ourselves from the constraints that Modernism has put on us.Post-Modern artists still toy with the idea that what is in the first pl ace within us is expressed through creativity. But now the addition of technology to the equation makes us the controller of the said creativity. Computer technology replaces the need for composed qualities in artwork (specifically graphic) meaning that there has to be a marriage of technological advancement and artistry in order for the artist to survive. exhalation back in time to the first expressions of rebellion in art such as Grunewald and Bosch, who represented dreams in their art and compare this to Dali who interprets the dreams.It becomes clear that what is believed to be an entirely new movement in art is really only a manifestation of experiments used in the past. With World War I & II the former quest for world domination attempted once again to put the world of art under the scrutiny of the powers that be but did not succeed. This means that the completed change was here to stay, that the movement from Impressionism to Surrealism and through to Pop Art and Op Art was free to mobilize itself into the future.Earth to earth ashes to ashes dust to dust, 1970, Lawrence Weiner, Guggenheim Museum, was what Post-modernism has offered us. In comparison to the fine art of the past few centuries, this piece does not seem to amount to much, but then it is an example of what humanity has become and therefore holds specific importance. A plain grey, white and black plaque with the words earth to earth ashes to ashes dust to dust written across it reveals to us an human race that is really and honestly empty.It is not entirely correct to say Modernism has succeeded in its purpose, but to say that it has failed is also untrue and perhaps a little unfair. Times have changed and continue to do so. The greatest archives we have in memory of the evolution of man are in our art. Modernism as an ideal failed, communism failed and to a degree Freud failed, but the gift they gave us was a solid movement into a time that has been be with the new. Modernism failed in th at it became the cult-like movement of constraint that it tried so hard to break.It succeeded in producing an art that was truly indicative of the individual. Modernism is, regardless of its successes and failures, a distinct mark in history in the same way that the Renaissance was to the 1400s-1500s. We no longer paint young ladies on swings with farthingales and voluminous skirts, because they do not exist in our world. We hardly go to war in kilts and with battleaxes either because so much of our time has changed. The continuum of thought and critical thinking still plagues us with the knowledge that there are some things we will never explain or understand. However the world changes, our creativity is always there.SourcesBreton, Andre. 1924. The Surrealist Manifesto. (http//www.screensite.org/courses/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm)Freud, S. 1949.The Ego and the Id. (The Hogarth fight down Ltd London)Ludington, Townsend. 2000. A Modern Mosaic Art and Moderni sm in the United States. The University of North Carolina Press. http//uncpress.unc.edu/chapters/ludington_modern.htmlThe Great Artists.1986. Vol 73 Dali.(Marshall Cavendish Ltd London)Witcombe, Christopher Professor. 1997. Art &Artists The Roots of Modernism. Part One What is Art? Sweet Briar College.http//www.arthistory.sbc.edu/artartists/modernism.htmlWitcombe, Christopher Professor. 1997. Art & Artists Modernism and Post Modernism. Part 4 What is Art? Sweet Briar College.http//www.arthistory.sbc.edu/artartists/modpostmod.html

Crooks Of Mice and Men Essay

George Milton-I been mean, own(prenominal)t I? George is a good friend to Lennie. He protects him and does what is necessary to keep him out of trouble. -If I was alone I could live so easy Lennie is a burden to George -I want you to stay with me, Lennie George conveys Georges lonelinessLennie Small-paws animalistic quality bear-all you fuck ever remember is them rabbits George. Lennie represents idealism and optimism in the American dream. rabbits symbol of freedom and peace of mind. -hes jus like a kid Slim describes him utterly -why do you got to get killed? Lennie no understanding of actions or consequences. its mean here Lennie too innocent to cope with harsh environment -hallucination of Aunt Clare important moral figure in his life. Tells him between right and wrong and close consequence.Crooks/Racism-crooks nickname due to injury. Name given to him by other ranchers dominance, possession (slavery) -California Civil Code for 1905 had aspirations once of being successful. Educated individual. ( had books) 1905 tho 25 years out of dates shows futility of his situation. -crooks was a proud, aloof man Steinbeck does not claim to victimize/generalize Crooks. Hes 3 dimensional knows his worth. BUT has no power to change his fate. -location of Crooks in ranch (barn) symbolizes his distance the other men. explicitly segregation, metaphorically emotional distance/loneliness -theyll tie ya up with a collar, like a dog-Crooks. When Crooks finally finds someone lightheadeder than him, he feels he must destroy them. Relates to his own oppression. Suffering leads to cruelty. -difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger shows his desperation for contact. He has become hardened by his pain but lets his bulwark down at times. -drew into himself crooks forces to accept his oppression. Powerless in his fate.Curleys Wife/Women-that gloves fulla Vaseline Candy ( Curleys mark of dominance everywhere his wife shes an object to him, a trophy. AND clear wa rning to other men) -Curleys wife no name. dehumanization.-fingernails were red symbol of danger, sexuality, blood, passion. Stoplight She will be cause of danger later in novel. -rolled clusters, like sausages childlike, nave little girl. Contrasts with red. -heavily made up suggest shes hiding the full-strength here. Underneath surface there is hidden personality loneliness, desperate, need, kindness. Puts on front of sexuality and flirtatiousness. ALSO conveys men on the ranch only care about sex from women. -what a tramp George hypocritical view towards women. Has sex with prostitutes but calls her a tart da fuq + Objectification. Ironic cuz what she really wants is human contact not sex. The men dont even consider that she could have more complexity other than wanted a man physically. -ranch is a patriarchal environment.-I get lonely Curleys wife (mask taken off, complexity revealed)Candy-Him and his disability aid in themes of minority, oppression, and loneliness. -the swam per warmed to his gossip he needs a distraction from his own, unsatisfying life.Friendshipstayed behind the other symbolizes how they always protect each other we got somebody to talk to importance of friendship, especially at times of hardship. Human contact takes away lonelinessLoneliness/Isolationa guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody Crookssuppose you aint got nobody Crooks almost ironic Crooks doesnt realize that everyone is alone in this environment. His pain consumes and blinds him, he isnt the only one whos tang it.The American Dream-you give me a good whore house every time although they want to achieve their dream, they waste their money on prostitutes and booze. regular recurrence of pain and desperation, a temporary void of loneliness and boredom that has to be filled. -every damn on of ems got a little humanity of land in his head Crooks Crooks knows reality of American Dream. Faced this for long long time due to racism. -they left all the weak ones here Curleys w ife themes of novella come full circle. Oppression of minorities.

Othello and Iago Essay

The books do not have the same power as they used to have in the earlier centuries. Nowadays, many books or written stories have been made into screen adoption . William Shakespe ar wrote Othello the truss of Venice to be performed. There argon more than fifty characterisations, ballet performances and musicals rough Othello. Each of them is different and shows a directors unique perspective. What is it about this piece that makes people perform it so many times? In all(prenominal) generation people are trying to visualize the immortal theme of how manipulation and jealousy do-nothing change peoples lives.For example, in the photo Othello (1995) Oliver Parker contradicts with the text and shows the audience his view and con stancering of the literary text. In the video Othello (1995) with Laurence Fishburne, Parker, the director, uses actors performance, symbolic scenes and decor to help the audience emotionally understand the text. Parkers production of the movie is very cl ose to the original play. He uses the same language and wording, however visualization and his perspective of the play helps the audience visit empathy to wards characters.For example, in the text Desdemonas father describes her, A maiden never bold / of spirit so still and quiet that her motion blushed at herself (I. trio . 94-96). In the movie the actress is young, beautiful and seems very innocent. Othello is described in the text as an exotic character, who shows an animalistic side. Roderigo says about Othello, To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor / An extravagant and wheeling stranger. (I. I. 126, 136). When Iago talks to Brabantio and tries to convince him that his daughter is with Othello he compares Othello to an animal. Iago says, Youll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse. I. I. 112). Or he excessively says, Your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs (I. I. 116). In the movie Othello has an intimidating appearance. He has pierce d ears, wears jewelry and has tattoos. The proper(a) hurl of characters helps to reveal them and grow particular attitude towards these characters in the movie. The audience when looking at beautiful and young Desdemona will most likely take her side and have compassion towards her. In contrast to Desdemona, Othello is more brutal and reveals bellicosity and rigidity. In the text Shakespeare describes Othello as a great warrior, who has suffered a lot.He doesnt spang much about love or peaceful life without battles. Othello says about himself Rude am I in my speech, / and little blessed with the soft show of piece The story of my life / from year to year-the battles, sieges, fortunes / that I have passed (I. III. 81-83, 129-131). This describes Othello as unexperienced, impulsive person, who is more used to violence than love. In the text when Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is not honourable with him, Othello burst out at Iago Be sure of it give me the ocular proof or, by th e worth of mine eternal soul, thou hadst been break up born(p) a dog than answer my waked wrath (III.. III. 361-364). Othello is jealous of Desdemona but because he has no proof of it, he works his anger on Iago. In the movie Parker introduces a scene where Othello tries to drown Iago in the sea to emphasize Othellos anger. Another scene where Othello shows his violence is when he slaps Desdemona across her face. One thing that can explain Othellos inability to control anger and be violent is that he is left without his duty. He was send to Cyprus to defend people from the Turks but the war has never happened because of the storm that killed the Turks.Othello is left with himself, his thoughts and relationships with Desdemona. Marriage is a new experience to him, he does not know how to behave. Othello doubt his decision of getting married to Desdemona. He says, Why did I marry? O curse of marriage, / That we can call these delicate creatures ours, / and not their appetites (III. III. 242, 268-270). He is not used to a peaceful life, but violence and anger. Iago is utilize Othellos frustration and strategy to convince Othello in Desdemonas unfaithfulness. In the movie Parker makes Iago talk to the audience that helps develop and understand his plan, how is exhalation to implement it.His ideas are clear and make sense, but audience still doesnt know how the other characters will react to it and whether he will be successful or not. Parker leave that to the last scene when wounded Iago lies on the dead bodies of Othello, Desdemona and his wife. In this production Parker chooses and correctly considers the historical element by using the medieval costumes corresponding to that time, settings and decor of Venice with old buildings and canals with gondolas. However, he adds couple scenes that changes the audiences perception of the text. In the beginning of the movie the audience see a couple in the gondola.The man covers his face with a mask, and then the you ng woman runs on the empty streets of Venice cover song her face. This shows the audience that this couple are heterogeneous in some kind of a secret. Parker uses a cliche of a secret relationship by making the first scene happened at night, covering mans face with a mask. This scene intrigues the audience and make it believe that this could be a love story movie. Compare to the text where Iago and Roderigo are the first ones to be presented in the text. They talk about how Iago didnt get position of the lieutenant and how both of them hate the Moor.Iago says Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago. / In following him, I follow but myself / Heaven is my judge, not I for love or duty, / but seeming so, for my peculiar end(I. I. 58-60). scarcely in the middle of the act I scene I, readers understand that Brabantios daughter secretly got married to the Moor and that is how Iago and Roderigo can use this against him. Iago says I m one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the M oor are now making the beast with two backs. (I. I . 116-117). Parkers deviation from text catches the viewers attention better than just dry talks of Iago and Roderigo.Another movie innovation is when Parker makes Othello dream about Desdemona and Cassio being together. This emphasizes how much Othello is moved by that news. In the text Shakespeare makes Othello dismount into epilepsy instead. Parker is also using symbol of the handkerchief. The symbol of handkerchief is important in the play. Othello gives special power to it. He says That handkerchief Did an Egyptian to my mother give. She was a charmer, and could intimately read The thoughts of people. She told her, while she kept it, Twould make her amiable and subdue my fatherEntirely to her love but if she lost it Or made a pay of it, my fathers eye Should hold her loathed, and his spirits should hunt after new fancies. ( III. IV.. 50-58). In the movie Parker makes the handkerchief fly or fall on the black background in a slow motion. By doing so, he shows the audience the end of Othello and Desdemonas love and predicts their death. Another symbolic scene that Parker introduces into the movie and doesnt exist in the text is when Iago stands next to a pit and makes two figures that represent Othello and Desdemona fall into that pit.Parker compares Othello and Desdemona to the figures on the chessboard that were played and manipulated by Iago. Basically, he says that all that it was just a tactical game. He though connects that scene to another scene when Othellos and Desdemonas bodies are dumped to the sea. This parallel shows the audience discouragement of the situation. This symbolic scene with figures explains how Parker understands parallels and hidden tips shown in the play. Shakespeare uses words and repeats phrases in the text to predict the end and guide the reader through the play.For example, in the text when Brabantio says to Othello, sapidity to her, Moor, if thou hast eyeball to see / She has deceived her father, and may thee. (I. III. 291-292). Othello responds to him, My life upon her faith (I. III. 294). Later in the text, Iago mentions it again to Othello. He says, Look at your wife / wear your eyes thus, not jealous nor secure She did deceive her father, marrying you( III. III. 197, 198, 206). At the end of the play Othello does exactly what he said before- he gives his life upon Desdemonas faith and kills himself.Movies that are based on the plays or the books are showing the audience only one perception of that play or book, which is presented by the point of view of the director. quick-witted directors know that it is very hard to present the correct idea better than the original text. However, by making minor changes such as introducing symbolic scenes, choosing the right actors or the appropriate decor, the movie can guide the audience to a better understanding of the play. It can also help to develop new interpretations of the text.

Speaking And Pronunciation Syllabus Education Essay

Syllabus practice is an built-in portion of position linguistic conference instruction and as instructors claverk founder linguistic communicating proficiency in 2nd linguistic communication assimilators they atomic number 18 expect to make constructions of larning which will enable the accomplishment of this enterprise. As such, this try provides a justification for a transmission line of study designed to be used in larn computer address return and orthoepy to Libyan utility(prenominal) pupils with Arabic as their first linguistic communication. Ideally, the platform marks to decide run-in end product and pronunciation jobs experienced by side of meat linguistic communication scholars of Arabic descent. More frequently than non, Libyan and Arabic speech production pupils are except exposed to larning English through formal instructions as explained by Rababah ( 2003181 ) . Following this, they are unable to to the full foster their speech production and pronunc iation accomplishments which are best acquired through interactional and communicatory acquisition. As a consequence of the differences which are present between English and Arabic pronunciation, most of these scholars experiences jobs related to emphasis and modulation. However, the greatest hard present amongst Arabic scholars of English is their in subject matter to pass on fluently and proficiently in English. It on that pointfore becomes rather important to turn to these jobs by explicating an effectual business of study.The speech production and pronunciation pass over of study is hence aimed at developing English linguistic communication proficiency and particularly with focal point at developing expert fluency which as asserted by Chambers ( 1997536 ) , is the chief index of communicative proficiency. This purpose will at the terminal facilitate communicative and unglamorous competences which will let scholars to use the English linguistic communication suitably in th eir twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours interactions. The scholars targeted by this course of study grow shown great enthusiasm for the acquisition of English speech production and pronunciation. Their motive is fuelled by the demand to interact and pass on with English talking tourers who ordinarily frequent Libya. The scholars who are aged between 16 to 17 old ages possess limited capacities in speech production and pronunciation accomplishments as indicated by a nosologies trials carried step up prior to the designing of the course of study. At the pre-intermediate degree, this course of study is ideal for them.Organization and Description of the SyllabusThe course of study which focuses on developing speech production and pronunciation accomplishments is comprised of a juncture of 12 Sessionss with each session amounting to one hr. As such, scholars will hold a sum of 12 hours of contact. There will be 16 Libyan scholars go toing the Sessionss at a linguistic communicatio n centre located in Tripoli. The course of study is organized in such a manner as to reflect the subject, speech production and pronunciation focal point and the speech production activities for every session. In the first unit of the course of study the chief focal point is on talking where scholars will larn how to do questions and as well give info. In making so, they will besides integrate this in larning the pronunciation of hanker vowel sounds. The 2nd unit follows the same guidelines but the speech production focal point is directed towards speaking about some others in a conversation while at the same clip familiarising oneself with the pronunciation of the shwa sound.While the speech production focal point for most Sessionss revolves around doing questions, giving information, doing remarks and explicating descriptions, pronunciation s focal point is at groking the customs of vowels and consonants. Unit 6 utilizes descriptive undertakings in larning the usage of conson ants /s/z/iz. Other elements of pronunciation are besides addressed with Unit 3 learning scholars how to associate pronounces and sounds in sentences. Unit 4 marks to learn contract address signifiers. Other phonological constituents such as modulation, falling and aggrandizement modulation are tackled in Unit 7. Word emphasis which is an of import facet of pronunciation is taught in Unit 8. Unit of measurements 11 and 12 hold assimilation and the pronunciation of the -ed signifier severally. The course of study ideally reflects its aims by supplying speech production activities for each session which are meant to supply scholars with an synergistic environment for tackling their speech production accomplishments. Evident in the course of study is the usage of synergistic activities throughout all Sessionss. These activities include pair work, function drama, treatments, assemblage work, questionnaires and games. These activities fit the purpose of the course of study as they will give scholars ample principle on their English communicating, speech production and pronunciation accomplishments.The adjudicate lesson program for Unit 4 clearly indicates learning processs for this scholar centered course of study. Since the chief focal point is to transfuse talking accomplishments to scholars, the instructor is expected to use instruction methodological analysiss which mostly focus on the scholar s acquisition demands. Indeed, functional purpose of the lesson is to enable scholars to seek and give information utilizing telephone devices while the phonological aims include larning how to use contracted address suitably. As indicated by Nunan ( 199826 ) , such a scholar centered course of studies can be implemented efficaciously by integrating ample communicative and synergistic undertakings. This is observed in the lesson program as scholars are invariably asked inquiries by the instructor they are besides involved in synergistic group work where they pat tern colloquial accomplishments. The lesson program is besides realistic and do more effectual by the instructor s usage function drama undertakings and the usage of familiar content such as the engagement of hotels frequently done by tourers with whom these scholars would desire to interact with. In general, scholars will hold acquired equal speech production accomplishments which they can use in their day-to-day interactions with other English talkers. Talking besides accommodates the formation of relationships with others and the Libyan scholars will make so during their extremely synergistic speech production and pronunciation lesson.Follow up is an of import facet of instruction and acquisition. From the lesson programs guided by the course of study, scholars apprehension of the content is evaluated by the instructor during the assorted lessons. For case in Unit 4, scholars are expected to transport out group function drama undertakings as they examine their capacity to inqu ire and give information. The instructor s function in this activity as in all other lesson activities is to interact with the scholars and point out countries which need rectifying. Oral accomplishments are likely to attest with the usage of such synergistic and prosecuting follow up activities as indicated in the course of study.Theoretical Justification of the SyllabusIt is quite cardinal in the designing of such a course of study to organize a theoretical footing for its content. This factor provides intent for the course of study and besides provides a nexus between its design and pattern. This course of study chiefly targets the Libyan pupils capablenesss to pass on efficaciously with other English speech production persons. As such, the course of study mustiness(prenominal) concentrate on bettering eloquence, rightness and intelligibility in their usage of the linguistic communication. Contrary to old aims of larning speech production and pronunciation which was to derive native like speech pattern, current purposes of larning pronunciation focal points on deriving intelligibility as observed by Tarone ( 2005 ) . It is therefore critical to see the rules of the communicative blast of linguistic communication larning utilised as a footing for the course of study. In this attack, the focal point is chiefly on communicating and the content being taught depends on the scholar s demands. Since the Arabic speech production Libyan learners seek to go better communicators, the course of study has accommodated legion speech production and synergistic undertakings and chances.Libyan scholars are observed to hold troubles in articulating -ed signifiers and besides the plural signifiers /s/z/iz. Following this analysis, it is important for the course of study to integrate communicative chances for them to pattern the pronunciation of these sounds. Indeed as Brinton, Goodwin and Celce-Murcia ( 19968 ) assert that such methodological analysiss like listening an d copying and phonic preparation are rather effectual in learning pronunciation. These techniques are reflected in the course of study as scholars are encouraged to accommodate the instructor s competent pronunciation by copying and so practising pronunciations during the lesson activities. In add-on, Libyan scholars will profit amply from the interactive linguistic communication they will larn whose accent as exposit by Richards ( 1990 ) is to let the creative activity of positive interactions between persons and this is reflected in the course of study as it focus on subjects aimed at leting scholars to do lilliputian talk, questions, give regards and do new brushs.The above communicative attack which has been used in the course of study incorporates undertakings which will enable scholars to incorporate both eloquence and truth in their speech production. Indeed as postulated by Ellis ( 2003 ) , the usage of such undertakings like descriptions and narrations which are dominant in the course of study non merely allows scholars to pattern linguistic communication usage but besides sums to complex and accurate usage of the linguistic communication. Talking truth is besides said to supply from the usage of unwritten communicating undertakings as described by Lynch ( 2007317 ) who argues that when scholars cooperate in placing their speech production mistakes and rectifying them they are able to derive self-confidence in the mark linguistic communication and even strive to talk the linguistic communication suitably. This factor implies that as Libyan scholars who experience troubles in utilizing contracted address will happen it helpful to engaged in undertakings which encourage both the scholars and the instructor to rectify their mistakes and besides steer them towards avoiding the unneeded usage of long words and sentences.The Syllabus and Pragmatic CompetenceThe mark of the course of study is non merely to develop communicative competency in scholars but besides hardheaded competency. Matter-of-fact competency trades chiefly on the utterance degree of linguistic communication and with factors which allow native talkers to use the mark linguistic communication in societal interactions uninhibited. Harmonizing to Rueda ( 2006 170 ) there are many facets of matter-of-fact competency which can be facilitated during schoolroom agency which means that the course of study necessarily to actively integrate such sole instructions. For scholars to derive this signifier of competency, they must possess the ability use the mark linguistic communication for different intents. Besides, scholars must get the ability to grok a talker s purposes and have a bid of the linguistic communication regulations utilized in making signifiers of discourse. Explicit direction in the instruction of English to the Arabic speech production pupils is rather necessary. Such direction is expected to expose scholars to the accurate English linguistic communicatio n input as observed in the course of study where scholars are provided with relevant speech production and pronunciation contents. Besides as seen in the course of study, it is important to make chances for the pattern of the matter-of-fact cognition that scholars have acquired during the learning procedure.Arabic talking scholars frequently experience jobs in under rejecting intended significances in discourse chiefly because they are unable to hold on the usage and significances of modulation and word emphasis. Harmonizing to Smith and Swan ( 2001198 ) the unpredictable nature of English word emphasis eludes most Arabic talkers and instructors need to fit them with accomplishments for observing alterations in significances brought approximately by English word emphasis. As this is important to deriving matter-of-fact competency, the course of study has incorporated these facets as scholars engage in larning undertakings which enable them to separate between falling and raising mod ulation and the several implied significances. Chapman ( 200710 ) points out that the instruction of modulation in an synergistic environment will let scholars to understand how native talkers of English construe them.While trying to learn the Libyan pupils English and promote matter-of-fact competency, it is of import to see the function of top- down and bottom-up abilities. In order to accomplish the acquisition of these accomplishments, learning schemes need to see the differences which exist between linguistic communications and guarantee that scholars utilize these differences in larning the mark linguistic communication and that their native linguistic communication competency does non thwart their mark linguistic communication acquisition. For case as illustrated by Chang, El-Ashry, Leclere and Palmer ( 20078 ) negative transportations can happen in the acquisition of English vowels by Arabic talkers due to the bing difference in the writing system of both linguistic communi cations. While vowels are found in the English alphabet and each of them stand foring multiple phonemes, Arabic talkers express their long vowels utilizing letters which represent individual phonemes. This contrast needs to be clearly addressed in the instruction of English long vowels to Arabic scholars.McCarthy and OKeeffe ( 200426 ) ascertain that the usage of spoken principal has become rather of import in the instruction of speech production. Corpus in the instruction of Arabic talkers provides a native illustration of the usage of the mark linguistic communication and efficaciously assists scholars in look intoing their competency. The usage of written texts and recordings in the mark linguistic communication is demonstrated in the course of study and lesson program and promises to heighten eloquence and pronunciation. In learning matter-of-fact competency in Arabic scholars of English, there are assorted underlying premises which include the fact that the act of speech produc tion is tantamount to executing speech Acts of the Apostless, that there are peculiar address Acts of the Apostless used by all linguistic communications and that there are differences in how talkers of different linguistic communications do things and in when they do them. The elaborate course of study has accommodated a huge scope of address Acts of the Apostless as scholars are taught how to transport out assorted colloquial undertakings. Besides, the usage of communicative activities like group work and function drama provides an effectual manner of leaving matter-of-fact competency.DecisionFrom the above treatment, it is apparent that syllabus design is a complex and affecting undertaking. The analyzed course of study will efficaciously transform the speech production and pronunciation capablenesss of the targeted Libyan pupils. greatly motivated to derive communicative competency in English, the scholars will profit from a communicative instruction attack which is besides lear ner centered. In add-on, this attack makes it easy to get matter-of-fact competency every bit good. The course of study has incorporated assorted countries in speech production and pronunciation which are considered to be debatable amongst Arabic talking 2nd linguistic communication scholars. As such, the surveies of contracted address, modulation, word emphasis, -ed signifier application, long vowels and plural signifiers of /s/z/iz/ have been incorporated. Other facets of significance which have been addressed include the usage of spoken principal and the top-down, bottom-up abilities in scholars. In kernel, this course of study has the capacity to act upon the accomplishment of the larning aims desired by the Libyan pupils.

Evaluate Learning Activities Essay

After any learning activity it is cardinal to evaluate how the activity went. This is beca practise it gives both the pip-squeakren and provide members a chance to reflect on the learning which has taken place and establish whether or not the learning objective was achieved. To evaluate effectively you should rear to the original learning objective to com governe what you set out to achieve and then reflect on the outcome and whether or not this outcome was copesettic and that the targets you set stimulate been met. In order to evaluate accurately you must be sure to absorb learning objectives very clear at the prep stage. This must be done in a way that breaks learners full understand what the outcomes mean and the outcomes must be achievable for everyone in the group no matter of ability and within the time that you have available. The learning objective should be set out in a way which makes it easy for you to assess pupils once against it.A good dwellledge of the su ccess criteria is also important when evaluating learning as electric razorren may not necessarily achieve the learning objective despite fully involving themselves in the lesson and showing real enthusiasm. Where this is the case you should record how hard the child snuff ited and take a look at the reasons they did not meet the objective and see how you can help them the next time. The resources you have utilise also play an important part in how successful an activity is so you should evaluate the resources you used and whether or not they were used correctly and decide if there were other things you could have used that may have been more relevant and beneficial to that particular(a) task.Continual assessment is important to monitor a Childs progress and while you should piece of land the information with other drilling staff it is also important to sh ar it with the child. This allows the child to share with you any concerns they have, things that they find oneself diffi cult and things they enjoy which allows you to plan activities accordingly. It also gives you the chance to give them praise and encouragement by telling them which things they are doing really well at, how proud you are of what they have achieved and offer reassurance that they should not worry about things they find hard because you can do extra work on these areas and help them to understand.While it can sometimes be difficult to find time during the schooldays day to give feedback to the teacher you must find a way to do this whether it is in a written report brief discussion or phone call. Not only do you study to report on the pupils progress and weaknesses you should also inform them of any difficulties you experience during an activity, such as disruptive pupils so that the problem can be address and resolved.It is important to be careful when giving feedback that while you are honest you are also tactful and do not lay blame for the activity on the teachers inadequate pla nning or the fact that the activity was not stimulating enough. The better the relationship you have with the teacher the easier it will be for you to put your point of view across and work well together to improve the learning environment and achieve better results. Always be positive when fashioning your suggestions or giving feedback.Providing the teacher with feedback on the learners progress and participation can be done in various ways. If a child has not been participating you may just need to briefly mention it to the teacher and try and come up with strategies to help them get more elusive in future activities. When a child is disruptive you can either discuss this with the teacher or make a written record of how the child was behaving, if you think there was anything that caused the behaviour, the effect it had on the rest of the group, how you tried to resolve the issue and manage the behaviour, whether you were successful in disciplining the child and what you think yo u could do to rid of the problem arising again. Hopefully the teacher will then respond and give you feedback on whether they have experienced similar problems with that child and how they dealt with it. Keeping records on how a child is progressing is also essential as it allows all staff involved to see which areas the child is making progress in and where they need to improve, it also lets everyone know the level that the child is at so that the appropriate level of work can be set.In order to support learning activities effectively it is important to reflect on what you have done and consider how you managed different activities. When an activity is finished you may feel disappointed with the outcome. Activities dont always go to plan or achieve what you wanted them to and this can be for a variety of reasons When you feel that things didnt work out the way you expected you have to reflect on the session and ask yourself how it went? Which aspects were you pleased with? What di d not go as well as you planned? What would you change if you had to do the activity again? By doing this you can improve the way you plan activities which will benefit yourself and the children.To be able to effectively teach various areas of the curriculum you must ensure that your own knowledge of the subject is of a high standard and if you are out of practice and unsure of some subjects ask for help or modify your qualifications. Many establishments provide refresher courses to bring Maths, English and ICT up to an pleasing level for working in a school setting. If you are unsure of a subject or a teaching method your uncertainty will be apparent to the children and your lack of knowledge will confuse them.You cannot possibly teach a child something you know nothing about so you should find out about the subject matter ahead of the lesson by doing some research. You should make sure you communicate with other members of staff to find out the strategies they use and informatio n they pass on to the children so that they do not receive impertinent advice or information and become unsure of what they are supposed to be learning.While I feel that my basic English, Maths and ICT skills are at an acceptable level I realise that it has been quite some time since I studied them and intend to familiarise myself with the curriculum and strategies that schools at the present time use to educate the children so that I feel more confident in helping and advising the pupils that I work with. I intend to do this by accessing the resources the school uses and familiarising myself with them while also asking for advice from other teaching assistants.

Easy Jet

The selling auditis a fundamental part of the trade cookery process. It is conducted non merely at the beginning of the process, but a equivalent at a series of points during the slaying of the plan. The marketing audit considers both internal and external influences on marketing planning, as well as a review of the plan itself 1. purlieual Audict on lucky jet(the factors that bum influnce the comp any(prenominal)) A)Five porters forces *Threats from refreshing entrants When new zephyr passages enter the market ,how they involve docile jet *Threats from subsititue crops to a greater extent options to go to a terminus such(prenominal) as b purposes,train.. ow these things affect easy jet *Bargaining precedentfulness of suppliers if plane manufacturer factories transport planes with a high hurt ,how this affect the easy jets finance *Bargaining power of buyers for instance easy jet makes a contract with plane factories for 10 days with the stubborn stick so the f actory cant sum up the price during this time. Bargaining lets you buy products at a cheaper rate *Internal Rivalry Internal competation ,easy jet fight once morest other air hoses Threat of substitutes-this can be anything that can be a substitute to diffuse atomic turning 19 or airline fabrication in general.For instance, a nonher airline with even broken iner prices, consumers opting to use other modes of transport (trains for instance). When Heatrow was hit by that huge fog yet before Christmas and no planes were flying, Eurostar trains were suddenly all book of accounted. I would think, provided, that for wakeful Jet, on that point would be no monolithic threat of substitutes. there is a threat of ever growing competition but this isnt the case of substitutes. Substitues ar in other words me too products which argon less(prenominal)(prenominal) likely to occur in airline persistence or portion industry then in FMCG. I think. Buyers-here you can list down any a ssertable threats from buyers.This is where you look at the relationship betwixt indulgent Jet and its tar secureed consumers. How strong is easily Jet brand? Do consumers believe in, and to, unaffixed Jet? Are they loyal to wakeful Jet or do they switch to other airlines with no real or perceived risks? If yes, why? If not, why not? Do consumers turn over alternative to casual Jet? If yes, and I would say they do, how does the relationship between sluttish Jet and its consumers change? Who has greater leverage in this relationship, consumers or wakeful Jet? Who is more practiced on whom, why and to what extent? Etc Ask as many questions as you can and you provide get your answer.Talk to someone who has used Easy Jet services, ask them what they liked and disliked about it, would they use it again and why, how do they feel about Easy Jet, how did they decide to fly with Easy Jet, will they choose Easy Jet again B)Swot outline 4 main strenghts and the opposite ones ar fo r weaknesses *Finance * technology *HR Department *Reputation and image EasyJet disperseline Company Limited Strengths * EasyJet is a leading provider of humiliated budget, no frills air travelservicing many of the leading city destinations in the UK and across Europe, including Berlin, Amsterdam, Barcelona, and Prague. They go a high quality service at competitive prices and crack a human body of features including ticketless travel, lucre arriere pensee and assisted travel services. * They have ahighly distinctive liin truthon their give of aircraft making them easily recognisable and distinguishing them from their competitors. * They have auser friendly websitewhich fully discloses the price sectionalisation of the passengers planned travel. offering a full breakdown of the price plan prevents any hidden charges when the node con loadeds there betrothal. EasyJet offers an online promotion alert which is e-mailed to existing nodes and contact on the companys database. * Recognised as a leading brand name in the UK travel industry. * As a market draw in an industry widely seen as a leading contributor to the green house outcome and global warming, EasyJet actively embrace there environmental responsibilities and keep up to clench these factors as a keep priority when developing their future strategies. * EasyJet operate a fast and efficient service with an average atavism time of 30 minutes or below.This enables them to maintain a reliable and hassle free service to their passengers. * For the case study,planes and turnaround times means to take short time on departure,use of internet,financial position The easy brand is a well k immediatelyn brand across the UK andsome beas of Europe. It is knownfor low cost for the pile which is implied by their orange culture. They want to paint the populaceorange, implying that they want to provide goods and services at the lowest possible price. easyJeteasyJet only offers a single fargon class. Its p ricing strategy is to offer value for money and this isdoneby safekeeping costs to aminimum.Unit costs atomic number 18 keptlow by eliminating travel agents, maintaining highaircraft utilisation, focusing on internet sales, eliminating un prerequisite service frills, operating a fleet ofsimilar aircraft and establishing spacious-term agreements with suppliers. One of the depict strengths of easyJet has been the utilisation of the internet. easyJet bookings oer theinternet relate toover 92% of total sales andis expected to increase. They see themselves asbecomingthe first internet only airline. Strengths Cheap tickets. A simple fare structure. Image, differentiation on price andbrand. Commitment to customer service. Multi-base network. Strong corporate culture. Flexibility to change bookings on theinternet. Lower costs than the constituted airlines Weaknesses * Domestic air travel is an extremely competitive industry withEasyJets main competitors being Jet2, BMI Baby, Ryan Air plus a host of smaller independent competitors. These external competitive forces can restrict and regulate pricing policy on some ofEasyJets less attainable routes as they seek to deal with their competitors. * They do not offer a free food service on longer flyings of 2 hours plus. asyJet has many weaknesses but the main include the lack of service,flexibility and telephone line focus makingthe cheap pretenceunappealing tobusiness travellers. Businesstravellers are not include at heart easyJets business stick. Since September 11 businesstravellersaccount for 50% of passengers and whence should be a target for marketing and should be included inthe business model. This can be seen as a weakness for not targeting this segment. easyJets business model also relies on people flying more often. However, there is a limit as to howoften people fly.The growing is not infinitive, it is possible that the low-cost market will be saturated. Itwill come to a point when the low-c ost airlines will not be able to stimulate any more get fromlow prices. (CPRE The Future ripening of Air Transport in the UK, July 2003 Weaknesses Pilots over 65 are not allowed to fly overFrance, Italy and Portugal. No guaranteed departure. No unaccompanied children under age of 16. No autopilot. Lack of service, flexibility and business focusmake the low-cost model unappealing tobusiness travellers. Focus on price and convenience is r each(prenominal)ing itslimit.Differentiation will be grueling. Due to immobile success it is difficult to recruitand train new staff. No customer retention scheme Opportunities * Possible opening of alternative routes to major cities in Europe. A lynchpin route could be from Dublin to the UK, as this has a large potential for travellers going to soccer matches in the UK plus new links into corporate flyers to and from the UK. * Offering of free refreshments on shoots with a travel time of over two and a half hours. This would offer an extra perk and comfort to passengers making their experience with EasyJet all the more comfortable and enjoyable. Updated versions of the fly on the wall documentaries would provide the brand with more coverage and publicity. The opportunities in the industry mainly come from the Eexpansion. On the 1st ofMay 2004, 10 countries will be joining theEU. Thus, the EUs membership will beexpanded from 15to 25 countries. The new states include former members of the Eastern Block and smaller islandstates. (bized. ac. uk) These are Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,Poland and the Slovak Republic.Further EU expansion is expected in 2007 when Bulgaria andRomania are hoping to join the EU, while Turkey is now soon negotiating its membership. (europa. eu. int)The addition of more than 100 one thousand million people to the EUs market of 370 million will present an probability for further growthfor the low-cost airline industry. easyJet has already announced its newroutes from Luton, Berlin and Dortmund dromes to Budapest (Hungary) and from Stansted airport toLjubljana (Slovenia). (easyJet. com) Threats * Competitors flying the corresponding routes compete very competitively on price forcing pressure on tolerance on more popular flights and time slots. External market forces can have a satisfying impact onEasyJets business, e. g. the rising cost of oil can have a pregnant impact on running costs putting significant pressure on the positiveness of less popular routes and time slots. * Pressure from unions and employee relations committees can signifigantly impact on the day to day trading operations with strikes proving to be very high-priced to the companys image. * stinting downturn may lead to a decrease in casual flyers and corporate travel as companies seek to curtail what they see as unnecessary expenditure and in turn make less business trips. Financial Analysis in spite of appearance thelow-cost/no-frillsairline industry inthe UK,Ryanairis easyJets maincompetitor. Inevaluating thefinancial performance ofeasyJet, itis therefore useful tocompare its performance withthatof Ryanair. For the purpose ofthiscomparison, we will be making use of anumber of ratioswhose formulae follow that of FAME. The data used for this financial analysis are easyJets unauditedpreliminary results for their financial year terminate 30 September 2003, which provided results for boththe year ending30 September 2002 and2003.Ryanairs financial year-end however is 31March 2004. Therefore in enunciate to obtain data thatwould be directly comparable, itwas necessary to use data fromtheir half-year which ends 30 September 2002 and 2003, and to use figures taken from their financialyear end 31 March 2002 and 2003. This enabled us to obtain figures for a full 12 months ending 30September 2002 and 2003. For a quick overview of all ratios refer to cecal appendage 3 and details of allcalculationsare contained inAppendix4. All financialr eports were obtained from downloadsavailable onwww. easyjet. comandwww. ryanair. com.The first numerical roofy of data tobe analysed is the Profit and Loss Account. This deals with therunning of the business, i. e. the amount of turnover, the cost of what has been sold, the expensesgenerated during the year and of course the profit that has been made, by chance the figure that theshareholders aremost interestedin, but thereare other criteria thatcould affect the profitability of thecompany PEST analysis for easyJet The following factors are likely to have an influence on the airline industry and should therefore be taken into account when formulating a market placeing Plan for easyJet.Politico-legal factors Threat of war in the Middle East The Air Miles scheme is not considered as a taxable perk by the government in the way that company cars are taxed which may change to allow easyJet to compete on more equal grounds with the likes of BA. A EU east-enlargement may provide acce ss to viable, new markets. Economic factors Likelihood of increasing send away costs, congestion and other environmental restrictions, as well as the expression of higher security and insurance costs to reflect the risk of terrorism. As the recession is likely to stand up for some more time, business travellers will keep an eye on their travel expenses. Globalisation should continue to boost traffic in the long-term. The introduction of the single currency in Europe is likely to put down more business to easyJet as Europe becomes more integrated. Socio-cultural factors To win over the French and German publics dexterity cause problems as there appears still to be a general reluctance to use quote cards over the phone and Internet . The public are general quite friendly to the luck of cheap flights.However they may feel begrudged where they see promotions found in newspapers where flight are for ? 10 only to find that the actual cost is lots higher for the particular time or day they tender to fly on. scientific factors A key issue will be the extent to which technological advancements such as the use of the Internet on distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation can contrabandist upward pressures on prices and costs. easyJet has to keep way of life of technological developments in the field of e-commerce and aircraft manufacture in order to gain a competitive favour. CONTINUE..The business environment is a set of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors otherwise know as PESTLE analysis. These factors are not controlled by the business. Which means that businesses must adapt chop-chop as the environment changes. These macro factors have a positive or negative impact on the business. The political factor can be affected through tax policies as Easyjet are aerated with landing in different countries, employment laws, environment regulations, trade restrictions, tariffs and the government. The economic factor is forever changing with prices constantly fluctuating.For example oil prices increasing affects overall profits for the company which in return affects how much money Easyjet can invest on improving the airline or giving back to the communities. Baines, Phil and rascal (2008a) explain firms are effected by environmental issues such as wage inflation, price inflation, revenue domestic product and income sales and corporation taxes. From the social aspect this looks highly on safety of the airline and its staff and passengers. Which then attracts passengers to fly again after being ensured of safe and secure flights.To keep up in technology Easyjet must be internet dependant as flights are booked and canvas via the internet. Therefore customers need to be satisfied with a quick and simple service. Easyjet also have a great career attitude which commits staff to be up to a excellent standard of service. Technology plays a huge factor within Easyjet as it has t o rely hugely on the reliance of technology. likewise as things improve technology becomes cheaper which means barriers to entry could be note for competitors to join which could affect the profit of Easyjet. Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably.They seek to hold dear the monopoly power of existing firms in an industry and therefore maintain supernormal profits in the long run. Barriers to entry have the effect of making a market less contestable. (Tutor2u n. d) To prevent this explore and development expenditure can act as an obstruction to potential entrants to industry PEST analysis PEST analysis is elect, to look at the possible business environmental impacts that may affect theindustry and easyJet. It can be used to infer a variety of trends, patterns and projections which willinfluence easyJets future strategic decisions (ACCA 2004).PEST analysis was chosen over SLEPTanalysis as we found it difficult to differentiate between legal and political factors. The legal issubsumed into political. reflexion will be made to the political, economic, social and technologicalenvironments that may affect the industry and easyJet in the future. Political Environment The industry and easyJet must react to any regulations that are imposed by the political party and thecorporate brass section code. The EU compensation ruling that will take affect in 2005 is currently beingchallenged by easyJet as well as other airlines.If this challenge is unsuccessful then it would meanincreases, inlegal battles, compensation payouts andoverall increases in costs. Asa result, fareprices easyJetwill increase and demand will fall. This would makeit very difficult to seethe future for thelow-costindustry. Expansion of the UK airport system will play a major subroutine in the future of the airlines growth model. Stansted is expected to have one additional runway and terminal, increasing UK air traffic growth to402 million by 2020 , 501 million passengers by 2030 (Mintel report 2003).The government are seeingthe benefits that the melodic phrase industry can bring to the country. The question that remains to beanswered is, for how long are the government willing to garter the growth of the industry before theystart to intervene? Any intervention from the government is likely to be costly in the future to theindustry. Economic Environment The government may decide to impose taxes onthe industry. A possible introduction ofa Green tax,a tax on fuel to try and subjugate the pollution that it causes, would increase the costs and as a result couldraise easyJets fares by more than 20% (Financial Times, 1 stNovember 2003). Also the ? 6 billionworth of subsidies that is currently received from the government may be reduced over time to limit thegrowth of the industry. The growth of the industry may need to be controlled to keep pollution to aminimum. As subsidies decrease there will bean adverse affect onfare prices causing demand to fall. This will also affect the business model as it would need to be revisited. The recent rises in the UK interest rate, which currently stand at 4%, has increased the publicsliabilities.People have less liquid income and as a result are less likely to travel abroad. Theincreases will also affect easyJetss loan repayments on its new order of aircrafts. At present, paymentsrelating tothe purchase are notincluded in the hedgingpolicy and therefore will affect the liabilities ofeasyJet. Social and Culturalenvironment The UK nation as a total are aging, people are living longer. The number of people between theage of 25 and 34 has been decreasing but the age group between 55 and 64 are expected to increasefrom 2005 (Mintel report 2003).The older age group tends to have more disposable income (SAGAholidays target this group) and therefore should be targeted more by easyJet. Saying this, youngerpeople who have less disposable income are now starting to go abroad f or their holidays. This meansthat the airline industry is attracting more potential passengers because of their low fares. Technologicalenvironment easyJeteasyJets use of the internet needs to be enhanced, they are aiming to become the first web-onlyairline.Currently 92% of their tickets are sold online and improving this figure will bring cost savingwhich in turn couldbe passed onto the consumers. This will make easyJet more competitive on price. easyJet will need tokeep track oftechnical developments in e-commerce andaircraft manufacturing inorder to compete against its rivals 2. 7ps marting Mix of Easyjet harvest-home Easy Jet is a flight booking company located at London. Thebenefitsof Easy Jet being online and on teletext means that they are providing better margins this is where they are dedicated to customers digitally.Place Not solely online but majority of sales are online so Easy Jet will concentrate on this target market. Today, technology allows us to sell more goods to fewer people, which is far more efficient than merchandising fewer goods to more people. This is confirmed by Peppers and Rodgers in their Marketing concept. Peppers an advertising executive and Rogers a marketing scholar, their concepts addressed one to one marketingand how it concentrates on providing services or products to one customer at a time. This is by identifying and then meeting their individualistic needs.It then aims to repeat this many times with each customer, this is so consumers feel relationships are in positioning when perhaps they are forged. Price With Easy Jet being on the internet for such a long period it means it has cut out aspects such as the post, this is because tickets and boarding passes are now emailed to customers or printable online, therefore cutting out the middle man. Promotion Easy jets website is offered through search engines and travel/flight comparison websites, this is both advertising and selling their service.They also send members ema ils with promotional offers. Physical Evidence Although Easy Jet is based mainly online now, Easy Jet are still booked through travel agents or in the airport itself. physically offline Easy Jet have recently in the previous few months been advertising in Sainsburys stores by staff (uniformed Easy Jet T-shirts), advertising there new partnership. Physical evidence online differs, they have aspects such as security icon and policies in place which gives consumers a sense of security when booking online.People On Easy Jets website they have sections, such as blogs, FAQs and a whole section dedicated to customer service to try and give consumers a sense that even though they are online they still have some form of contact to Easy Jet. Process As mentioned in a higher place Easy Jet integrates online and offline by having customer service in the airport and online. CASE STUDY Product Easy jet is an low cost budget airline as well as no frill. The easy brand has been extended to other p roducts. There are now easyinternet cafes,easycar,easymoney and new easycruise products.Price There 3 types of pricing which are Premium Pricing this is for specific segment of people for example apple targets for certain(a) people. Low cost pricing which is for easyjet,targeting low cost price and low income people. Psycological pricing,99p instead of 1pound They use a low cost price to be competitive Place It means Distrubition . Distrubition has manufacturer,agents,wholesalers,retailers,consumers. The more distrubition you have ,the more expensive your products will be. easy jet has manufacturers and directly deals with consumers so they save money. lmost 90 percent of tickets are sold through the internet for the 10 percent agents sell so they sometimes deals with agents too. Promotion internet People Paperless opeartions since its launch easyjet have simplified its working practices by embracing the concept of the paperless office. they do everything online quite an than pe ople going to branches and taling face to face ,everthing can be done online so easyjet saves money for hiring less people Process Ticketless travel passengers,instead receive an email containing their travel details and confirmation number when they book online. his helps reduce significantly the costs of issuing,distrubuting, touch on and reconciling millions of tickets each year Physical Evidence it means beauty,new planes ,comfort flights from each one boeing is new 737 aircraft and has a list price in the region of 35million gbp. Therefore maximising utilisation of each aircraft reduces the unit cost NOTES FROM THE CASE STUDIES MARKETINGThe mutual satisfactions of both suppliers and customers. The method is the process of shaping and managing the marketing mix in a way which takes into considerition the needs of the customer and the goals of the organisation at one and the same time.Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from organisation to their customers. Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as The management process which identifies ,anticipates and satisfies customer requirements effciently and profitably Professor Philip Kotler 1999 statesMarketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups get what they need and want through creating,offering and exchanging products of value with others. People dont only buy what they want to ,they buy them because of the value of products they require.Marketing is concerned with customers ,they are the main element in marketing not quality or products. If customers are demanding for new products features,marketing department will have to go on these requirements to the production department to make provision for new processes and new machinery. On the other hand if the customer change their pattern of shopping or seek more information regarding the safe us of product ,the company may have to recruit new marketing execu tives to match up to the demand. )Using technology on easyjet One of the most important developments in the UK travel industry in the last 15 years is the growth of the budget or no frills airlines, easyJet and Ryanair. Both of these airlines were launched when new regulations made it easier to operate between countries within Europe and both used new technology and other methods to sell lay, rather than through traditional high street travel agents.The growth of both companies has been exceptional and the airlines have used similar approaches in their business models * Use of the Internet to reduce distribution costs easyJet was one of the first airlines to see the opportunity of the Internet when it sold its first seat online in April 1998. Now approximately 95 % of all seats are sold over the internet. * Maximise the time the aircraft is being used For both Ryanair and easyJet maximising the use of each aircraft reduces the overall cost of running the aircraft. Ticketless trav el Passengers receive an email containing their travel details and booking reference when they book online, rather than a traditional ticket. This helps to reduce significantly the cost of issuing and processing millions of tickets each year. * No free lunch Not offering free catering on-board reduces cost. Passengers can purchase food on-board if they choose to. * Free seating Unlike traditional airlines, Ryanair and easyJet passengers are not assigned a seat, unless they pay extra to board first.This helps passengers to take their seats more quickly and saves time. * Efficient use of airports By reducing turnarounds (the time between landing and take-off) to 30 minutes and below, easyJet and Ryanair maximise the use of their aircraft. Not having pre-assigned seating, like traditional airlines, helps reduce turnaround times. * Reduced fares generally Ryanair and easyJet offer cheaper fares than traditional airlines, especilally for passengers who can book beforehand(predicate ) and take utility of the deals available.Easy JetMANAGEMENT 100 800 WORD SUMMARY 836 WORDS EXCLUDING REFERENCES EasyJet EasyJet airline Company Limited headquartered at London Luton Airport is the UKs largest budget airline measured by number of passengers carried, operating domestic and international scheduled services. Easy Jet has grown through a combination of acquisitions and base openings fuelled by consumer demand for low-cost air travel. Ryanair another budget airline is currently Easyjets biggest competition. EasyJet has adapted cost-cutting measures such as not selling connecting flights or providing complimentary snacks on board.The key points of this business model are high aircraft utilisation, quick turnaround times, charging for extras and keeping operating costs low however EasyJet flies mainly to primary airports. EasyJet also focuses on attracting business passengers by offering satisfied services such as the Flexi fare which allows free of charge changes to th e flight within a window, warm boarding and a checked in bag. General environment International dimension According to copper and Daft (2009), general environment is layer of environment that affects the arrangement indirectly. It includes external factors that are not within an organization.One of the dimensions, international dimension is referring to factors that arise from foreign countries that will affect an organization. Factor that will each be an opportunity or threat to an organization will include having to encounter competition globally. An organization will have to face international competitors where it trade on its own even though not involve in exports and operates domestically. Besides, it would be essential to learn to adapt to the changes and trend circulating around the world as technology advances as time passes and political events such as Iraq war.Apart from that, rise of economic power of China has a significant impact on the international economy overd ue to the massive workforce, brainpower, people dynamics and abundant natural resources that many countries rely on. The always changing worldwide environment has very large impact on organization compared to domestic environment, demanding for great control of the organization. What is a competitive proceeds A competitive returns could be defined as a unique position a firm develops in comparison with its competitors (Hyvonen 1995, 334).It is imperative for firms to understand what its competitive vantage is and take advantage of them as it can change rapidly (Anthony, Perrewe, Kacmar, 1996, p. 468). One of the ways to create a competitive advantage could be, through lower prices or differentiation (Woodruff 1997, 139). Lower prices is a competitive advantage when a firm is able to sell their product cheaply to consumers. Lower prices may be dependent on lower costs, however lower cost itself is not a competitive advantage as it should come along with lower prices for the advant age to be formed (Kotha, Vadlamani 1995, 76).Differentiation can be achieved through, providing superior goods and services, through the firms image, flexibility, total supplies and speed (Kotha, Vadlamani, 1995, p. 76 Sashi, Stern, 1995, p. 126 Helms, Ettkin, 2000, p. 1) Easy jet as a buget airlines has set its competitive advantage through lower prices. How The International Dimension Impacts Easy Jets Competitive Advantage There are many ways in which the International Dimension has affected Easy Jets Competitive Advantage. After the 9/11 attacks the airline industry suffered extensively. Passengers opted to use less of the big airlines.This allowed Easy Jet to be more successful as passengers were choosing their services over the big Airlines in Europe. When the number of people who used Easy Jets services increased it would have allowed the airlines to spread their fixed costs, which in turn reduces overall expenses and meant that they were in a position to lower their prices t hus impacting their competitive advantage in a positively contributing to the overall success of Easy Jet. (Easy Jets Market Structure 2012) other factor in the International dimension that affects Easy Jets competitive advantage as that EU had ruled an Open Skies agreement which meant that Easy Jet was given the choice to serve flight paths that may have been normally associated with some specific airlines. This allowed them to choose the routes that they preferred allowing them to choose routes that gave them the most benefits. (Easy Jets Market Structure 2012) Easy jet is also influenced by rising fuel prices. Increased fuel prices meant that the broad(a) airline industry around the globe and Europe had raised their prices.However, increasing fuel prices meant that even Easy Jet had to raise the price, and this does not work well with their low cost, low price strategy. Therefore there is a negative and positive effect by the rise of fuel prices (Topham 2012) Conclusion In conc lusion, the international dimension of the general environment represents event originating in foreign countries as well as opportunities for Easy Jet in other countries. International dimension affects competitive advantage in various way. Easy Jet has proved to be robust and competitive in a tough general environment.This is due to its large competitive advantages, which is its low cost prices. However, it is the report on the overall international dimensions which affects the competitive advantages of Easy Jet shows that Easy Jet is a highly successful company, which is expanding rapidly. Besides, by engaging with the international dimension, Easy Jet not only get more benefit from its competitive advantages but also increase its cash flow from operating activities throughout United Kingdom. References Anthony, William P. , Perrewe, Pamela L. nd Kacmar, Michele K. (1996) Strategic Human resourcefulness Management, Fort Worth Dryden Press Bamberger, Ingolf (1989) Developing Compe titive Advantage in Small and Medium-Size Firms, Long shake off Planning, 22 (5) 80-88. Easy Jets Market Structure. 2012. Competitive Advantage and Developing a Competitive Advantage oer Rivals. Accessed September 18, http//www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=122608 Helms, Marilyn M. and Ettkin, Lawrence P. (2000) Time-Based Competitiveness A Strategic Perspective, Competitiveness Review, 10 (2) 1-14.Hyvonen, Saara (1995) Competitive Advantage, Bargaining Power, and organizational Performance The Case of Finnish Food Manufacturing Firms, Agribusiness, 11 (4) 333-348. Samson, Danny, and Richard L. 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