Blood Disorders Causes Treatments Cures Health And Social Care Essay

Blood upsets have an consequence on anyone ‘s life that happens to hold one. The effects are non merely in the mundane life but besides in one ‘s wellness. There are many scopes of blood diseases and upsets and there are many helpful interventions available to assist a individual live a normal life every twenty-four hours. Normally with proper intervention these diseases and upsets are non life threatening, nevertheless in a few rare instances this is non the instance. These scenarios will hopefully supply a clearer position of three different blood upsets, the intervention methods, the cause of them, and possible bar methods for each one.Scenario OneIn scenario one, we have Amy who is a four-year-old Caucasic female and she is presently at hazard of undertaking Iron Deficiency Anemia. Iron lack anaemia is a disease of the blood which is created when a individual does non have plenty or the proper sum of the mineral Fe. When a individual does non hold a sufficient sum of Fe in the blood there are effects such as non bring forthing adequate new ruddy blood cells or haemoglobin for the organic structure to work decently. â€Å" Every ruddy blood cell contains haemoglobin, which is the portion of the cell that carries our O. Without the appropriate sum of Fe within one ‘s organic structure, the organic structure makes fewer and smaller ruddy blood cells go forthing the organic structure with less haemoglobin to administer O throughout one ‘s organic structure to tissues and cells. † ( WebMD, 2005-2009 ) . Without the proper sum of O making the critical tissues, variety meats, and cells, the organic structure as a whole begins to endure and usually a individual will go unenrgetic, have less energy, and may hold a pale visual aspect to the tegument. There are many causes or grounds a individual could develop anaemia or lowered Fe degrees in the organic structure. Many pregnant adult females develop a signifier of anaemia, this is caused by the turning babe utilizing up the Fe from the female parents organic structure, and this will decide itself one time the gestation comes to fruition. There are causes nevertheless that have nil to make with gestation which are, heavy catamenial hemorrhage, shed blooding inside the organic structure, an inability to absorb Fe, and a deficiency of Fe in a individual ‘s diet. For adult females if the menopausal and catamenial rhythms are highly heavy and a adult female looses excessively much blood this consequences in a loss of haemoglobin, ( Fe ) doing a low Fe count. The same is true for internal hemorrhage or surgery with non plenty blood on manus, any loss of blood from the organic structure that is excessively great will ensue in a low Fe count. There are besides some people who have or develop an inability to absorb adequate Fe from the nutrients they eat or the addendums they take, the little bowel in instances such as these usually involve an enteric upset. The normal or recommended intervention in these instances is the remotion of portion of the little bowel, and or utilizing a prescription-strength or an existent prescription, medicine that will assist with tummy acid. The most common signifier of anaemia is an Iron Deficiency Anemia due to non enough Fe in a individual ‘s diet and may hold to get down taking an Fe addendum or doing dietetic alterations to counterbalance. The best class of action in these instances is to seek and increase the sum of Fe rich nutrients you would devour, these include ; meats, some cereals, ruddy meats, seafood, domestic fowl, eggs, staff of lifes, pastas, Spinacia oleracea, raisins, nuts, dark green leafy veggies, other nutrients that have iron fortified on the label, cheeses, and most other dairy merchandises. Doctors can name an Fe lack upset through a simple blood trial given to anyone who believes they may hold a lack or by a supplier who believes the patient may hold a lack. The trial that is preformed includes analyzing the haematocrit and haemoglobin degrees, the size and form of the blood cells, the colour of the blood cells, and a measuring of ferritin. Once diagnosed with an Fe lack upset or anaemia, keeping this unwellness is reasonably easy. Iron addendums mundane or sometimes a few times a twenty-four hours are needed, besides this may be a simple as taking a multi-vitamin with Fe in it. A diet alteration is besides extremely recommended so that the sum of Fe a individual consumptions from nutrient is increased. Having the increased Fe degrees in the organic structure through addendums and or diet alterations will assist to alleviate the symptoms that come with it. Regular proving for Fe lack is besides recommended to supervise the degrees of Fe and to see if the upset is acqui ring better, worse or remaining the same.Scenario TwoIn scenario two, we have Marcus, a 5-year-old African American male who is susceptible to the blood upset Sickle Cell Anemia, as his female parent is a bearer of the disease. As stated by The HealthCentral Network, Inc ( 2004-2009 ) , â€Å" Sickle cell anaemia is caused by an unnatural type of haemoglobin called haemoglobin S † ( A ¶1 ) . Sickle cell anaemia is non a disease that can be caught like many other diseases, it is an familial upset where one transcript of the reaping hook cell cistron or haemoglobin S, is passed down from each parent and nowadays in the receiver. If merely one cistron is present in the receiver, the individual is known as being merely a bearer to the upset of reaping hook cell anaemia and non one that is ab initio affected by it. When an single carries two cistrons, one from each parent of haemoglobin S the ruddy cells in his or her organic structure are shaped like reaping hooks or, semilunar Moons and tend to clop together doing them gluey, stiff, and fragile. Sickle cell anaemia does non know apart with penchant for any nationality as it can be found present in all nationalities ; nevertheless it is found more in African American, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent. If a individual suspects that they may be a bearer of reaping hook cell anemia a blood trial can be given to name reaping hook cell anaemia. When proving for reaping hook cell anaemia, a simple blood trial is done to look into for the presence of haemoglobin S. If the supplier determines that the individual has a positive consequence from the blood farther testing will be done to find whether one or two cistrons are present. To corroborate the findings of the blood trial consequence, a sample of blood taken will examined under a microscope to see if there are a big figure of sickle cells. If necessary more blood trials will be done to find if the individual has anemia every bit good. Currently there is no remedy for reaping hook cell anemia there are interventions available from the extreme which is a bone marrow graft which should free the disease from the organic structure to medicines and interventions to assist with the symptoms and effects of the disease. The interventions and medicines for this disease are pain stand-ins, blood transfusions, and reasonably much everything in between. Most of the interventions or medicines given to people who suffer from this disease are for the bar of infections, commanding complications, and hurting direction. Due to this being an familial disease forestalling it from happening is non a possibility yet. The lone protection prospective parents can take is being tested before going pregnant, and these prospective parents can so do an informed determination on how to continue. â€Å" If one wishes to travel away with gestating kids other options such as an in vitro fertilisation process that helps one to hold a healthy non-affected kid is available. † ( Mayo Clinic, 1998-2009 ) .Scenario ThreeIn scenario three, Richard an person, who over the last few hebdomads has began detecting more than a few contusions and they are more evident. Richard is being tested for thrombopenia, which seems like the most likely pick for this state of affairs. Thrombocytopenia occurs when there are a lacking figure of thrombocytes in a individual ‘s blood, and this causes the blood non to coagulate decently. When proper curdling is non achieved in the organic structure a individual can see superficial hemorrhage into the tegument, self-generated hemorrhage, prolonged hemorrhage of cuts, easy or inordinate bruising, and blood in urine and stool. The causes of thrombopenia could be from any figure of things such as ; quinine, Lipo-Hepin, histamine blockers, the usage of intoxicant, a root cell hurt, marrow aplasia, fibrosis, malignant neoplastic disease, or an expansion of a individual ‘s lien. â€Å" Diagnosis of this upset is conducted by the usage of a blood trial, physical scrutiny, and a bone marrow scrutiny. In naming if, an person has contracted thrombocytopenia 1s physician will carry on a blood trial to number the figure of thrombocytes that are presently in one ‘s blood and physically analyze one ‘s organic structure for marks of an hypertrophied lien. If it is determined that one has the upset one ‘s physician will so order a bone marrow scrutiny and particular blood trials to assist find the cause of the disease. † ( Mayo Clinic, 1998-2009 ) . The interventions and medicines available for thrombopenia include surgery, blood transfusions, and plasma exchange, and the medicines used to handle this upset include a assortment to stamp down a individual ‘s immune system and or medicines that block antibodies that are assailing thrombocytes. Intelligibly surgery is used merely when necessary and this usually occurs when a individual ‘s spleen demands taking. A plasma exchange and blood transfusions, which are once more merely used in patients that need this process done, are usually used for persons with terrible hemorrhage. The lone existent preventative steps available to forestall the reoccurrence or happening of this upset, it is advised that one be monitored on a regular basis by a physician or supplier. As demonstrated blood upsets can happen to anyone either by genetic sciences, chemical, or both factors. With proper showings and regular well cheques with a physician or supplier a individual would hold a just opportunity of catching the job and receive intervention. Having a blood upset can be a life endangering issue, so the Oklahoman it is caught and treated with medicine or other interventions available, the better a individual ‘s opportunity to populate a long healthy life.

Critical Race Theory and Class Essay

The Critical Race Theory (CRT) defines a broader and more contextual way of looking at race relations, specifically in the United States, than the classical conventional civil rights perceptions of race and racism. The development of the critical race theory was in response to the increasing concern in the mid 1970s about the lethargic pace of change in laws to tackle civil rights issues and promote racial issues. â€Å"The development of critical race theory points to a new direction taken by civil rights activists in the wake of civil rights setbacks in the 1970s and 1980s when official government policy no longer supported an expansive civil rights agenda. † (Jones, 2002, pp. 1) As implied by its name, the Critical Race Theory is a critical way of looking at race relations. The Critical Race Theory looks beyond the gross violations of civil rights or instances of racial discriminations, and tries to focus on the subtle racial nuances that combine together to make up the milieu of civil rights violations in everyday life. These subtle racial nuances are termed micro-aggressions, and critical race theorists believe that it is the micro-aggressions that actually reveal the true extent of racism in the United States. â€Å"†¦everyday racism, in the form of micro-aggressions, is incessant and cumulative as practiced in everyday actions by individuals, groups, and institutional policy rules and administrative procedures† (Solorzano, 1998). The logic behind the Critical Race Theory is that while classical racism has subsided to a considerable extent, everyday racism has grown in its intensity and scope (Bell, 1992). According to the Critical Race theory, the laws and rules that are in place to curb racism apply only to the gross and extreme types of injustice and are largely ineffective in the case of micro-aggressions. Racism in its more subtle but equally detrimental and damaging form persists in the United States. â€Å"Formal equality can do little about the business-as-usual forms of racism that people of color confront every day and that account for much misery, alienation, and despair† (Parker, 2008). There are five basic tenets that guide the Critical Race Theory. First, racism is held to be a very normal, everyday phenomenon almost mundane by its frequency of occurrence. Racism is not an aberration in society, it is the rule. Racism is inherent in society. That is what makes racism so difficult to curb racism or cure society of it. The classical ideal behind ‘color blindness’, or the approach that did not take cognizance of color differences as envisioned by the civil rights movement of the 1960s is considered flawed as it makes the conventional racism rules and laws ineffective against the racism that is ingrained in the thought processes of individuals and in social structures. They are blind to discriminations against color inherent in society, and only serve to restrain the minorities in subordinate positions. The proponents of the theory believe that aggressive color-conscious efforts are required to change the present environment of racial discrimination. The second tenet of the theory is referred to as the ‘Interest Convergence’ and postulates that racism works to the advantage of both the elites and the working classes amongst the Whites, there is very little incentive or motivation amongst a large majority of the whites to curb racism. A large number of laws against racism is said to be passed only if they are found not to go against the interest of the dominant White community, and in no way deprives them of the advantages that had been accruing to them. Conversely, only those laws or rules which serve the self interests of the Whites are passed. The third very important theme of the Critical Race Theory is that race by itself has no biological, genetic or physical basis, but is largely a social construct. Race is a product of social, and it is defined by how society moulds the human mind. â€Å"Not objective, inherent, or fixed, they (races) correspond to no biological or genetic reality; rather, races are categories that society invents, manipulates, or retires when convenient. † (Delgado & Stefancic, 2000). This is because though people share certain physical and genetic traits such as hair texture and color, eye shape, average height, skin color, etc, they are mostly overridden by differences in the higher-order traits such as intelligence, behavior and personality. Society however chooses to club people into distinct racial groups, ignoring scientific facts and attributing hypothetical racial characteristics on these groups. According to the Differential Racialization perspective of the Critical Race Theory, the dominant group in a society ‘racializes’ different minority groups differently depending on changing conditions and needs. The stereotyping of the same minority group tends to vary over periods based on the requirement or utility of the group. The closely related notion of Intersectionality and Anti-essentialism in the Critical Race Theory states that every individual has multiple identities, loyalties and allegiances which could be potentially in conflict with each other. Finally, proponents of the Critical Race Theory believe in the thesis of the ‘unique voice of color’ – which states that oppressed groups, by dint of their experience of oppression are able to communicate to the dominant group matters that the dominant group may not be aware of. The ‘Legal Storytelling’ movement therefore encourages members of the oppressed groups to recount their experiences in the form of storytelling. The Critical Race Theory is a useful tool for analyzing the racial impact of laws and policies, their effectiveness and their shortcomings. Social Class and its Structure A society divides its people into distinct hierarchical groups based on their social and economic status. This hierarchical distinction or stratification of groups or individuals in any community or society is referred to as the system of social class, and each group or hierarchy within the system is known as a Social Class. Although most societies usually have some form of class structure, there are examples of societies, especially of the hunter-gatherer type, in which class distinctions are not to be found. Class is largely determined factors that influence social, economic and political status of the individual such as employment or occupation, education and qualification, wealth, ownership of property, means of production, etc. Although social class is not deemed to be hereditary, the status of the preceding generation usually influences the next generation which finds it comparatively easy to hold on to the same class or rise up to a higher class. Individuals may move from one class to the other because of change in economic, political and social status. This is known as Social Mobility. An individual experiences upward social mobility when she or he moves from a lower class to an upper class by dint of success in economic, social or political spheres; conversely, an individual experiences downward social mobility from an upper class to a lower class because of failure in economic, social or political life. There is intense debate over the theoretical definition of social class. Classes are usually identified on the basis of the most important criteria that differentiate classes in the society; the number of class hierarchies that exist, the extent to which the class structure is accorded recognition within the society. Classes are broadly defined as per the Realist approach and the Nominalist approach. A realist approach defines class in terms of distinct groups bounded by clear boundaries with which people identify themselves and adhere to. Interactions are primarily intra class. The nominalist definition of class however focuses more on the characteristics that are common to people in a given class. These characteristics are education, profession, political or social standing, etc. The nominalist class is not determined by social interactions, but by the exhibited characteristics of individuals. In whatever way we may define class, there is no contesting the fact that almost every action of an individual is influenced by class and class structure because the individual tends to behave according to the norms of the class that she or he belongs to. Class consciousness often also translates into political action. Therefore, â€Å"†¦the process of transformation of societies from one social system to another depends on the nature and dynamics of class relations and class struggles that are historically specific in accordance with a society’s dominant mode of production and its attendant superstructure. †(Berberoglu, 1994) There are different class structures in different societies. In the United States and Britain class is distinguished along economic parameters, and generically comprises the upper class, middle class and the lower class. The traditional caste system in India is based on the type of work of an individual. The kings and fighting princes belonged to the nobility, the priests, businessmen and the laborers all had their own classes. China and Japan had feudal classes. As the world is fast being transformed into a global village, traditional classes based on feudal or religious systems are changing in structure to those of economic or political classes. However, social classes retain their importance as determinants of the actions of all members in a large majority of the societies of the world. References -01 Bell, D. , A. , 1992, Faces at the bottom of the well: The Permanence of Racism. New York: Basic Books. Berberoglu, B. , 1994, Class Structure and Social Structure, Praeger Publishers, Westport. Delgado, R. , Stefancic, J. , Critical Race Theory, An Introduction, New York University Press. Jones B. , D. , 2002, Critical Race Theory: New Strategies for Civil Rights in the New Millennium, Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal, Volume 18. Parker, L. , 2008, Critical Race Theory and African Studies: Making Connections to Education, University of Illinois-Chicago Solorzano, D. , 1998, Critical race theory, racial and gender microaggressions, and the experiences of Chicana and Chicano scholars. International journal of qualitative studies in education.

Asian Film term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Asian Film term paper - Essay Example In defiance of what the society expects, those facing this situation make effort to gratify their selves through pursuing freedom and joy for a future of optimism. The importance of this topic lies in the fact that every individual in modern times is affected by this notion. This essay paper intends to demonstrate the conflict between individualism as a modern concept and the community’s traditional values as depicted in Mehta’s, water, Harks, Peking opera blues and Kwan’s, Rouge. Introduction This essay will carry out an analysis of how the directors have expressed conflicts using the movies as mentioned. In addition to this, the essay will look at some vital lessons arising from the complex events of what the various characters go through largely due to transformation of society and eventually getting freedom by themselves. Water by Mehta demonstrates conflicting ideas that characterize the ideals of individualism and values of tradition relating to obligations to family and social rules upheld by society. This is clearly illustrated by the female characters comprised of Chuyia, Shakuntala and Chuyia. These are three female personalities experiencing a complex situation in terms of two competing ideals. At this moment of history, India as a country is going through a cultural phase causing the situation to be more complicated. The emergence of new laws is attributed to a time of colonialism. These new laws go contrary to Indian society’s traditional customs which concerns widowhood and remarriage. Kalyani loves Narayan to the extent that she flees with him to the other side of river Ganges where Narayan lives with his father (Mehta, 2005). Kalyani goes contrary to tradition’s expectations due to her plan to flee and get married by Narayan. Individualism is seen through Kalyani who plans to get remarried, a decision which violates the customs of India in relation to prohibition of marriage According to Shakuntala, the experie nce she undergoes in life results into a conflict which causes her to have contrary views about widowhood customs in India. She feels that there should be a situation that is ideal and capable of being accepted by all. Kalyan earns freedom courtesy of Shakuntala after which Kalyani flees with Narayan to the opposite bank of the Ganges River and apart from this; Shakuntala comes to the rescue of Chuyia (Mehta, 2005). This instance demonstrates Shankuntala’s negative perception to customs and her adherence to apply it by remaining in the ashram. As events unfold, the individual ideals of Shakuntala contradict her apparent loyalty and commitment to the social norms of India which is in support of forbidding remarriage for widows. Chuyia herself despite adhering to the demands placed on widows according to Indian customs decides to go with Shakuntala so as to free her from the fate that she is destined to experience as a young widow whose age is too low. The events unfolding indi cate that the situation experienced by these three widows places them in a situation that require difficult conflicting decisions to be made. One of the decisions they must make for their own and each other’s benefit is to ensure that life for them becomes tolerable. The need to safeguard their interest and individual benefits contradicts the commitment they are required to observe about Indian society’s custom. The things they do indicate their rebellion of custom irrespective of its suppressive nature. In Hark’

Genocide War between the Hutu and Tutsi people of Rwanda Essay

Genocide War between the Hutu and Tutsi people of Rwanda - Essay Example Causes of the genocide Though the Rwandan genocide occurred in the year 1994, its causes were wide spread into the country’s deep history that can be traced to independence period. Both sociological and psychological factors, as a result, accumulated to erupt into the horrific tribal based killings. One of the major sociological factors into the genocide was racial difference between the two communities. Though experts argue that the killings were not ethnically initiated, the genocide involved two ethic groups against each other. The difference between the two communities that identifies superiority complex among the Hutus played a major role. The enjoyed peace that the country had for about five decades prior to the genocide explains this. The country for example enjoyed peace and security in the ‘five-decade’ period while under the rule of the Hutus. A move to shift power from the community was the immediate cause of the killings. As a result, it is understanda ble that power struggle that was racially based led to the genocide. The powerful elites from the Hutu community could not accept a shift of power from their community and mobilize the Hutus into the killings (Stone, p. 31- 33). Another sociological factor into the genocide was the ‘long-term’ displacement of people from their ancestral land. Also viewed as an immediate cause of the genocide was the move by displaced people, who had in the past been forced to flee to other countries, to mobilize themselves into rebel forces with the aim of reclaiming their land. The rebel movement, that was seen as a threat to the Hutus power then triggered mobilization of the Hutus community by their elites. This is because the rebels were majorly associated with the Tutsi community. The two communities had however coexisted peacefully and a large number of Hutus undertook the killings for fear of being attacked by their fellow Hutus. The organization into the Hutus attacks on the Tuts is particularly spread the message that even Hutus who sympathized or aided Tutsis would be killed. The Hutus, as an ethnic group was therefore forced into the killings. Superiority complex among the Hutus was another factor towards into the killings. Even in the absence of manifested inter racial hatred, the Hutus traditionally perceived the Tutsis to be inferior and degraded. This explains why the Hutu elites could not tolerate a power shift to the Tutsis (stone, p. 31- 33). Psychological factors into the genocide on the other hand included fear among the Hutus elites. While the elites feared power shift to the rebel group, the organizers threatened the Hutus community into participation (Stone, p. 38- 40). David however identifies a mental seed, planted by the colonialist, as having played a role in psychological differences between the two communities into the final conflict (David, n.p.). Timing of the genocide The Rwandan genocide took place in the year 1994. It started in the month of April and ended in July. Clark explains that the genocide took about 100 days (p. 12). Acknowledgement of the genocide The international community, individually as nations and collectively through the United Nations, recognized the Rwandan genocide. National leaders for example recognized the event and their failure to prevent it. The United Nation’s move to establish an international court was also an indication the international c

Marketing Conference - Core Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Conference - Core Strategy - Essay Example This project is distinctive because Kick Spray is biodegradable hydraulic spray, which is invisible to the naked eye. Upon spraying all over the shoes, it functions for 24 hours. Besides, the product uses a Copenhagen enzyme based on antifouling option. For the benefits of the consumers in identifying the product, the product should be trademarked and patented under the trademark regulations. This will enable the consumers not confuse about the quality and origin of the product. Kick Covers Inc. is a company devoted to developing the ultimate anti-skid covers to attach or slip up onto shoes. Our mission is to develop and provide ultimate protection and dry feet solutions to consumers. Equally, the company is devoted to create a market niche and work towards sustaining it through excellent customer relations, provision of quality products and adhering to the customers’ tastes and preferences. We aim to become a vastly recognized brand name, capitalizing on the uniqueness of our product. Our goal is swift growth, annual profitability and quality product provision while maintaining our customers softy and happy. Productivity: To provide all of the resources our employees need to remain as productive as possible. This includes employee training, equipment maintenance and purchases that go into productivity (Anderson, & Thisse, 2002). Profitability: Our focus is in both production and operations while maintaining sustainable profit margin on our products sold. Revenue should always stay ahead of costs of doing business (Hooley, Saunders & Piercy, 2004). Positioning: Effective product positioning can be achieved by the triangle model, which provides for three distinct strategic options. They include best product, total customer solution ad system Lock-in (Porter, 2008). Let’s assume that our target market for instance in the State of Colorado is the group of Men and Women aged between

Democritus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democritus - Assignment Example Atoms and void alone exist in reality.† The Democritus theory of reality posits that atoms consist of an indivisible number of units. Additionally, atoms have different shapes and sizes but lack quality. The only qualities of an atom include solidity and impenetrability. Atoms are infinite in number thus they move in the void. The concept of the void is very interesting because it has attracted mixed interpretations. According to Parmenides, there is no reality of space. On the other hand, Pythagoreans acknowledged the idea that the void keeps units apart. However, they noted that the void was the atmospheric air. Democritus’ theory of reality affirms that space is not real and that it does not exist. In fact, the theory posits that â€Å"what is not† is real just like â€Å"what is.† Space or void is as real as the body. One important point about the Democritus theory of reality is that space or void is not corporeal. The other major point of the Democritus theory of reality is that there is no place for immortality. According to the philosophy of atomism, the life of an animal or a human being only exists when atoms exist and operate collectively in the form of a body. It implies that the destruction of the body ultimately results in the destruction of the soul. For this reason, the soul cannot survive when the body has been destroyed. The reason is that the destruction of the body results in the atoms getting scattered. Democritus cautions that atoms do not cease to be because no atom can neither come into being nor pass away. Instead, atoms cannot survive individually because they become inert when they are separated from each other. In relation to the idea of atomism and soul, the Democritus theory of reality posits that animals and humans are not different from other composite bodies. The popular belief is that humans are different from rocks because humans can move and think. However, Democritus posits that thinking is a

The Magna Carta and it's influence on shaping the United States Essay

The Magna Carta and it's influence on shaping the United States Government - Essay Example The English Charter, originally issued in 1215 by the King John had made the supremacy of law over capricious decision of the imperial powers. It had stressed the freedom of the people. Even though the law was projected for the favor of a few barons in England, it was a stepping stone for the development of democracy, later, in many parts of the world. The English settlers in America had taken the basic aspects of the Charter in shaping the Constitution of United States. It was Magna Carta that acted as an inspirational force for the independence of American colonies from the clutches of the British government and further for the shaping of a democratic prophet. The Magna Carta and American Democracy Magna Carta played a great role in shaping the democracy in United States. It is the written law that had diminished the powers of king. When the English colonies came into existence in the United States, it played a crucial role for the democracy on the land. As quoting by Thomas Garden Barnes and Allen D. Boyer, â€Å"For those who were starting a new, it offered even more: they were beginning to build policies from the ground up and they were concerned to preserve the laws and liberties of Englishmen† (Barnes & Boyer, 2008, p.30). The American democracy rests much upon the attributes of the Magna Carta. It acted as a strong force for their battle against the British imperialism. The writers still move on to say that the Magna Carta had been more accepted in America than in England. It paved for the growth of the democracy in America. The Magna Carta’s contribution to the creation of United States The Magna Carta was an inspiring cause for the creation of the United States of America. When the colonies were struggling too much under the British rule, they tried their best to over throw off the arbitrary rule of the imperial government. The attempts of the barons in making King John signing the charter acted as a great strength for the colonists to f ight against the British. This has made some unity among the colonies in America. Both Magna Carta and Bill of Rights demanded for the various liberties. America’s strength lies in its Bill of Rights. The book, Magna Carta by James Clarke Holt describes the comparison between the Bill of Rights and Magna Carta. The Bill of Rights of Virginia of 1776 stresses on the inherent rights of men. It says that men have the rights of enjoyment of life and liberty, with the rights of acquiring of property, pursuing happiness and liberty. In the same manner Magna Carta cha.8 says, â€Å"†¦to lie down that no man was to be deprived of his liberty, ‘except by the law of the land or the judgment of his peers’ (Holt, 1992, p.18). So it can be undoubtedly say that Magna Carta was acting a powerful source for the creation of the United States. The War of Independence was a clear replica of the situations that led to the signing of Magna Carta on June 15, 1215. Magna Cartaâ⠂¬â„¢s Contribution to the new American Government The new American government is resting on the principles of democracy and freedom of its subjects. The Magna Carta was the beginning of its constitutional changes on the land. Many law reforms take its attributes to the first ‘Bills of Rights’ of the land. The ‘Bill of Rights ‘in America mainly stresses on the principles of the Magna Carta. The Americans were all suffocating under heavy taxes of the British government. They were not at all ready to give due representation for the colonists in America. These situations in America gave birth for the unification of the 13 colonies and all turned against the British. The imperial rule came to an end in 1775 with the declaration of independence. The Magna Carta w

Family and Medical Leave Act 1993 vs sit A Essay

Family and Medical Leave Act 1993 vs sit A - Essay Example However, eligible employee excludes employees or federal officers covered under United States Code in chapter 63 title 5, subchapter v. It does not include a worker of an employer hiring less than fifty workers. This is in case the employer, within 75 miles of the worksite, has less than 50 employees. Section 102 of the Act focuses on leave requirement. According to this section, an eligible employee qualifies for a twelve-week leave in any twelve-month period because of the following reasons: Birth of a child of an employee to allow taking care of the child; When the employee adopts a daughter or a son; To take care of a son, daughter or spouse in case the son, daughter or spouse has the health; condition, which is serious,; and In cases of serious health conditions rendering the employee incapable of performing his or her duties Subsection two of section 102 stipulates that the leave period expire at the end of the twelve-month period. This is so in case an employee takes a leave d ue to placement or birth of a son or daughter. Section 104, subsection (a) and paragraph (1) stipulates that when an employee returns from the leave he or she should assume the previous position. The employee should also receive the same remuneration as that before he or she went for the leave (U.S. Department of Labour, 2008). ... Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 versus situation B This Act prohibits any discrimination according to age in employment. This Act aims to protect employees who are forty years and above from discrimination according to age in employment. It applies to both job applicants and employees. According to ADEA, it is not lawful to discriminate an individual on the basis of age with regard to condition, term, employment privilege, including firing, hiring, promotion, compensation, lay off, job assignments, benefits and training (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2008). Section 623 0f the Act deals with this topic where subsection (a) considers practices by the employer. The section considers unlawful, the following practices: 1. Failing or refusing to discharge or hire an individual or discriminating against him or her to his terms, compensation, privileges or situations of employment on the basis of his or her age; 2. Classifying, limiting or segregating empl oyees in any way that deprives an individual of opportunities in employment or causing adverse effect to the employee status of on the basis of age; and 3. Reduction of wages to the employees based on age of the individuals This Act considers an agency to have violated the law if it refuses or fails to refer for employment any individual due to his age. However, this Act in subsection (f) gives lawful practices on laws of foreign workplace, age and occupational qualification, other reasonable factors, employee benefit plans, seniority system and discharge or discipline for providential cause. Here, the law does not prohibit actions by employers on employees in cases where age is a necessary, reasonable qualification for the normal functioning of a given business (U.S. Equal

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Assignment

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets - Assignment Example Since demand for money varies with interest rates, velocity also changes with changes in interest rates. Demand for money also depends upon the expectations about future interest rates. In an article published in The Globe and Mail on July 31, 2013, the author, Linda Stern, suggested to ignore advice such as â€Å"Don’t take a mortgage with you in retirement†, and â€Å"Older Folks should invest more conservatively† (Stern). In support to the view â€Å"Don’t take a mortgage with you in retirement†, it is stated in the article that carrying forward mortgages over a long period of time not only increases the risk of investment but also involves a greater expenditure on the side of the loan taker. Carrying a mortgage over a long period increases its value and interest, so it is advisable not to use a large amount when paying mortgages and instead to invest that extra amount in some other investment plans which may be beneficial in the long run. Earlie r payment of mortgages is related to the emotions of the loan-taker, reduces the risk and leads to savings due to lower interest payments. Ignoring the advice may be risky, but it may bring greater potential and stronger chance of capitalization since no one is aware of the opportunities that may come in the future. The situation will be more understandable from the following example. A person has $100,000 in cash and a 15-year mortgage with a balance of $100,000 at 4% interest. Case 1: The person decides to pay off his mortgage with the available cash and to invest the mortgage payment that would have to be paid per month (i.e. $739) for 15years at 7%. By paying the mortgage, the person saves %33,143, and at the end of 15 years investment amounts to $237,706. Case 2: The person decides not to pay the mortgage and invest cash of $100,000 for 15 years at 7% interest. After 15 years, the investment amounts to $284,894, and $33,143 are paid as interest for the mortgage. Subtracting the payment, a net gain of $251,751 is made by the person, if he/she decides to pay off the mortgage later. On deciding to pay off the mortgage, the person has received an emotional satisfaction, less risk and higher liquidity, but he/she has also suffered an opportunity loss of $14,045. Thus, every financial investment and debt is added to a price and risk, but decision is to be taken wisely. In support to the view â€Å"Older Folks should invest more conservatively†, it is stated in the article that when a person moves towards old age, he/she should either invest less in stocks or withdraw all money from stocks and invest in instruments which will guarantee returns with less amount of risk involved. They may choose to invest in certificate of deposits or bonds. Investment on guaranteed returns for short term may hold a support to the person at the time of retirement since it would assure a return at the end of the period. But ignoring the advice, it can be said that investment in bonds too can be a risky investment to the investor since future can only be assumed and not ascertained. If the interest rate rises in future, the bond holders may lose value, and investment will become riskier. Even with the rise in the expected rate of inflation the investor may face the same risk. Thus, the person may face the same

Problems in sales and marketing and make recommendations&benefits Assignment

Problems in sales and marketing and make recommendations&benefits - Assignment Example In addition to that, the strategy of allowing the customers too much leeway regarding payment may make the organization to lose out on potential sales for new stock because it is highly unlikely that the customers who have not paid for purchased products will come back to purchase more. The company may subsequently find it more difficult to plan for its future operations (Espejo, 2010, 68). From the responses, it is evident that the organization does not have a concrete strategy for selling and marketing its products. This lack of strategy reflects on the sales and profits that the organization makes. The company advertises its products on different forms of media, the most preferred one by the company being the print media. However, the company does not market its product online. With the advent of technology as a tool for sales and marketing, the Secret Squirrel Company stands to make more sales and subsequent profits by advertising online (Ryan & Jones, 2009, 18). The company loses out on sales made to customers online, therefore limiting its own sources of revenue. It is also notable that the company spends the bulk of its budgetary allocation for advertising on print media advertisements. The Secret Squirrel Company spends more than $2 000 000 on print media advertising, while not spending as much on more visible media for advertising such as television and billboards (Stinson, 2008, 42). The company limits its exposure by spending so much on advertising on print media, such that the company neglects the ability of television and radio to attract potential consumers of the organization’s products (Jeannet & Hennessey, 2004, 117). Both the Sales and Marketing managers do not have enough information regarding the products that the organization sells. This does not help the organization to maximize sales, considering that the two should have the most information concerning the company’s products since they head these critical departments at

Common Rail Direct Injection Essay Example for Free

Common Rail Direct Injection Essay Direct injection means injecting the fuel directly into the cylinder instead of premixing it with air in separate intake ports. That allows for controlling combustion and emissions more precisely, but demands advanced engine management technologies. Unlike petrol engines, diesel engines don’t need ignition system. Due to the inherent property of diesel, combustion will be automatically effective under a certain pressure and temperature combination during the compression phase of Otto cycle. Normally this requires a high compression ratio around 22 : 1 for normally aspirated engines. A strong thus heavy block and head is required to cope with the pressure. Therefore diesel engines are always much heavier than petrol equivalent. The lack of ignition system simplifies repair and maintenance, the absence of throttle also help. The output of a diesel engine is controlled simply by the amount of fuel injected. This makes the injection system very decisive to fuel economy. Even without direct injection, diesel inherently delivers superior fuel economy because of leaner mixture of fuel and air. Unlike petrol, it can combust under very lean mixture. This inevitably reduces power output but under light load or partial load where power is not much an important consideration, its superior fuel economy shines. Another explanation for the inferior power output is the extra high compression ratio. On one hand the high pressure and the heavy pistons prevent it from revving as high as petrol engine (most diesel engine deliver peak power at lower than 4500 rpm. ), on the other hand the long stroke dimension required by high compression ratio favors torque instead of power. This is why diesel engines always low on power but strong on torque. To solve this problem, diesel makers prefer to add turbocharger. It is a device to input extra air into the cylinder while intake to boost up the power output of the engine. Turbocharger’s top end power suits the torque curve of diesel very much, unlike petrol. Therefore turbocharged diesel engines output similar power to a petrol engine with similar capacity, while delivering superior low end torque and fuel economy.

Forensic Deoxyribonucleic Acid: History and Applications

Forensic Deoxyribonucleic Acid: History and Applications Paulean Gonzalez Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is located in the nucleus of every cell and is the genetic material that makes up cellular organism and viruses. However, DNA can be used in multiple ways when it comes to forensics. It assists in linking an individual to a criminal act, to exonerate victims or even to identify victims in mass disasters. DNA is what accounts for genetic information and DNA also codes for the proteins that are necessary for our body to survive. The history of DNA dates back to Gregor Mendel as well as Francis Crick and James Watson. DNA can be found in many different parts of the body but none of that would really matter if forensic units had no way of determining and linking the DNA to certain individuals which is why the multiple ways of DNA testing are so important. The inheritance of characteristics as well as the functions of DNA also plays an important role in forensic DNA. While what could be considered the most important part to how forensic DNA is used is the outcomes and the ways it was used in courts. History Gregor Mendel It was in 1865 that Gregor Mendel, who was an Austrian monk, went before the Brno Natural Science Society and presented two lectures that summarized his experiment results on heredity in the garden pea. Mendel’s experiment was based off the cross pollination of a wrinkly green pea plant with a smooth yellow pea plant. In this experiment Mendel was able to discover that there was both a dominant and a recessive trait. His experiment allowed him to come up with three different conclusions. His three conclusions were that the inheritance of each trait was determined by what is known as a gene, that an individual receives one set of genes from each parent, and that even though a trait does not show up in an individual it is possible to still be carried on to the next generations. In Mendel’s experiment he discovered what is known as the Principle/Law of Segregation or otherwise known as his First Law. In this law there was four different parts that were included. The first part was that there were other forms of the genes that were inheritable known as alleles. The second part was that each offspring receives one allele from each parent. The third part both the sperm and the egg hold one allele for each trait and during fertilization they pair. Lastly, if the alleles are different only one appears while the other is not. The one that is shown is the dominant trait while the one that is not shown is the recessive trait. Mendel also came up with what is known as the Principle/Law of Independent Assortment which is also known as Mendel’s Second Law. In this principle, Mendel discovered that the different alleles were passed on individually and not based on one other. Mendel saw many different combinations which meant that there was separation from one another. In the early 1900’s it was believed that inheritance was fluid in nature, which was termed â€Å"half-blood† and â€Å"true-blood.† However due to Mendel’s experi ment and his repeat experiments, it was discovered that the genetic information was a particulate, which is the â€Å"unchanging nature of the DNA molecule that allows DNA fingerprinting† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). Crick and Watson Roughly around 50 years ago Francis Crick, an English graduate student, and James Watson, an American post doctorate researcher, first proved that the structure of DNA was a double helix. For their efforts Crick, Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their â€Å"discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acid and its significance for information transfer in biological material† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). Both Watson and Crick have helped in the basic understanding of manipulating DNA as well as the understanding of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They believed that DNA was shaped like twisted ladder. The sugar phosphate backbone made up the sides of the ladders while the nitrogenous bases made up the rungs of the ladder. The ladder of DNA is made up of building blocks that are known as nucleotides. DNA makes up every chromosome and gene and is a polymer of repeating units that are known as nucleotides. Each of the nucleotides contains three specific parts; the phosphate group, sugar, and the nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous base consists of one of the four molecules including adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine (Herrero, 2009). Types of DNA There are also two types of DNA’s. The two types of DNA’s are the nuclear or chromosomal DNA which is inherited from mother and father and the mitochondrial DNA which is inherited from only the mother. DNA can be located in the cells of our body. Nuclear DNA can be present in a cell’s nucleus and is a combination of information that is inherited from both parents. It helps in the makeup of an individual’s genetic material. Nuclear DNA is best known as the â€Å"molecule of life and contains the genetic instructions for the development of all living organisms† (Nuclear DNA, n.d). Nuclear DNA can be found in almost every single cell except for red blood cells. Nuclear DNA was clearly expressed in Gregor Mendel’s Pea Experiment. His experiment was able to present information to back up the statement that half the information that was received was from the mother while the other half of information was received from the father. Mitochondrial DNA does not come from cell nucleus; it instead is located in the mitochondria of the cell. The mitochondrion is a â€Å"specialized subunit within a cell that functions as the powerhouse of the cell† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). It is more likely that a small sample of mitochondrial DNA could be discovered compared to nuclear DNA. This is because mitochondrial DNA is present in hundreds to thousands of copies in each cell compared to the only two nuclear DNA copies that are present in a cell. This means that all muscle, bone, hair, skin and many other body fluids are capable of finding mitochondrial DNA. The advantages to using mitochondrial DNA are that they are more sensitive which means less DNA is needed, degrades slower than nuclear DNA, and it can be used in cases where nuclear DNA cannot. The disadvantages to mitochondrial DNA are that all people of same maternal line will be indistinguishable and there is more work to be done, it is more time consuming, and it is more costly (Herrero, 2009). DNA Tests The two previous methods that were used were the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). While the new method that is currently being used is the Short Tandem Repeat (STR). Although all tests may be different, they all require that an extraction of DNA from the sample. All three tests have had their fair share of helping the forensic units as well as being the go-to test that was responsible for the prosecution of many felons as well as the exoneration of many former criminals. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP was the first DNA profiling technique that was used and was seen in a widespread of areas. It was developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984. This test was capable of allowing the fragments of DNA to be measured. However as it became difficult and expensive as well as taking weeks to perform and being very demanding it became outdated. For this test analysts linked the size of fragments from a reference that was known to a crime scene sample that would allow them to match two DNA profiles. One thing that caused problems for this type of testing was that many samples from the crime scenes appeared to be too small to be tested. For example a speck of blood would be of no use with the RFLP testing. Due to biotechnological advances there would soon be more sensitive tests that would turn into what is today’s DNA profiling (Herrero, 2009). Polymerase Chain Reaction The PCR test was invented so that multiple copies of a small DNA could be replicated. This test was created in 1987 by Kary Mullis, a biochemist, and Henry Elrich, a nuclear biologist. The way that this test works is that an enzyme was found that could withstand the het needed to â€Å"unzip the two strands of the DNA double helix for replication without breaking apart the enzymes itself† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). A problem that regularly occurs with the PCR test can be contamination. When the samples are being amplified it is crucial to be very careful and avoid adding extra cells onto the sample before it is amplified. A simple sneeze to a laugh could ruin the evidence (Herrero, 2009) Short Tandem Repeat By 1998, the FBI created a more multiplex version of the PCR test known as the Short Tandem Repeat (STR). This test is still being used today. Similar to the PCR test, the STR test is capable of working with small samples. There are three different color dyes that are used to â€Å"distinguish STR alleles with overlapping size ranges† (Herrero, 2009). The STR test evaluates specific regions within nuclear DNA. It is color coded as well as automated and computerized which makes it so easy to navigate (Herrero, 2009). Combined DNA Index System In 1998 the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) launched the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). Today, 44 of the 50 states are allowed to collect DNA from all felons, 28 of the 50 states are allowed to collect DNA from juvenile offenders and 39 of the 50 states can collect DNA from those who commit certain misdemeanors. In 1994, Congress came up with the DNA Identification Act of 1994 which authorized the FBI to maintain a national database that allowed the sharing of DNA information between states. There are three tiers to CODIS, which are the local (LDIS), state (SDIS), and national (NDIS). CODIS uses 13 different DNA regions that can vary from person to person and matches are searched for at more than one location on a genome for more accurate results. By 2004, all 50 states were connected with the limited profiles of those who had been convicted of serious, violent crimes. On October 30, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Justice For All Act that expanded the CODIS system and allowed the collection of DNA from all federal felons and allowed the states to upload the profiles of anyone who had been convicted of a crime (Herrero, 2009) Inheritance of Characteristics The many different characteristics that we inherit are in the form of DNA. However, we do not inherit the characteristic; we simply inherit the information that produces our characteristics. Half of the genetic material that we inherit is received by each parent. The sperm and egg are produced in the gonads of the parents and results in the â€Å"production of gametes that carry only half of the DNA that made the parents unique† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). A new individual is created when the sperm and egg are bonded. Much like the parents this new individual has two copies of all the genetic information and can produce eggs that will only have one copy of each gene if a female; however if it is a male it also has two copies of all the genetic information but can only pass one of the two to each of his offspring. The information that we receive is in pairs. The reason for this as stated before is because half the information is received from the mother while the other half of inform ation is received from the father (Herrero, 2009). DNA in Courts Due to fact that DNA can be found in blood, semen, saliva, urine, hair, teeth, bone and tissues, it plays an everyday role in courts. Kirk Bloodworth On March of 1985, Kirk Bloodworth had been convicted of the killing as well as sexual assault of a little nine year old. The little girl’s body was found dead in July of 1984. It had been discovered that she had been beaten with a rock, strangled and raped. Bloodworth was arrested based off an eye witness stating that they had seen him with the little girl earlier on the day that she went missing. Five eyewitnesses were even able to identify Kirk Bloodworth based off sketches. Other evidence that was presented against Bloodworth was that on the day of the incident he had told his wife that he had done something that would change their lives forever as well as him mentioning something about a bloody rock (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.). Bloodworth appealed the decision. His reason for appealing was that the bloody rock had only been mentioned because during interrogation the police had shown him a bloody rock. The incident in which he told his wife their lives would change forever had been dealing with him forgetting to buy the food she had requested. The police also did not inform the defense that there was a possibility that there was another suspect. The appellate court decision led to Bloodworth being convicted and also sentenced to two life terms that would run consecutively (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.) â€Å"In 1992, the prosecution agreed to DNA testing to be performed by the Forensic Science Associates† (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d., p. 1). The victim’s shorts and underwear, a stick that been discovered at the scene, as well as an autopsy slide had been compared to Bloodworth. The PCR testing that was used was able to determine that the evidence left on the underwear did not match with Bloodworth. The same tests were then performed again by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the same results were found (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.). In June of 1993, Bloodworth was released from prison and in December of 1992 he was pardoned. Over eight years of his life were lived in prison with two of those years him facing execution. Bloodworth became the first person to be â€Å"exonerated from death row through post-conviction DNA testing† (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d., p. 1). Kirk Bloodworth’s case set the stage for many cases that are soon to come (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.) Freddie Peacock After serving five years in a prison in New York and nearly three decades after being released on parole, Freddie Peacock was able to clear his name thanks to DNA testing. Peacock was the 250th person cleared through DNA testing after being convicted for crime in which he did not commit (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). The crime in which he had been serving had occurred on a night in July of 1976. A New York woman was returning to her apartment from work and was attacked. When the woman was unlocking her apartment door, the man approached her from behind, took her keys and threw her to the ground. Where she was thrown to the grown she struck her head. The woman was told that if she screams she would be killed. The woman was pulled by her perpetrator to the side of a house that was nearby and was raped. Once the perpetrator was done he returned the woman her keys and left. The woman went back to her apartment building where she told the building superintendent who then proceeded to call the police. She later testified that she was only able to see her perpetrators face when she was in a dark are. She was able to describe that her perpetrator was an African-American man who weighed about 150 pounds and had been wearing a white, flower shirt (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). The woman had originally struggled to remember the details of the crime but later admitted that she believed that her neighbor was the perpetrator. The superintendent responded by asking if it was Freddie and she had said yes. Peacock’s photo was included in a 10-photo collection where she identified him again. Two hours after the attack, Peacock was arrested. The woman once again identified him through a window in one-person show up procedure. After being interrogated for two and a half hours, he had initially denied being the perpetrator but the police claimed he confessed. Peacock confessed to having several severe mental illnesses and was hospitalized for it multiple times. Peacock was unable to tell authorities how, when, and where was raped. Peacock never signed the alleged confession that the officer wrote with all the details to the crime (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). At the trial, the victim testified saying that she knew he was a perpetrator because of his beard and eyes and claimed that deep down she knew it was him. She claimed that Peacock and she had only spoken twice and he had entered her apartment once uninvited. A doctor even testified that the bodily samples that were collected from the victim at the hospital, but other evidence was not presented. Peacock was eventually convicted and sentenced to up to 20 years in prison (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). Peacock had been released on parole after five years in the New York prison. Thanks to his families and church support he was able to receive treatment for his mental illness. After contacting The Innocence Project in 2002 to help him clear his name. DNA evidence was obtained and able to rule him out. This evidence was taken before a judge. A state judge tossed out the conviction. This meant his name had been cleared after 34 years of wrongful convictions (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). Conclusion All types of cells in the body contain the copy of the same DNA, for example DNA can be found in the blood cells, saliva cells, tissues cells and even the semen cells. DNA Functions DNA has two primary functions. These two functions include transmitting information from one generation to the next as well as providing the blueprint for making proteins the same way every time. References Herrero, S. (2009). Forensic DNA: Technology, Application, and the Law. In S. H. James J. J. Nordby (Eds.), Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques (pp. 303-325). FL: CRC Press. Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock (n.d.). The Innocence Project. Retrieved from http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Freddie_Peacock.php Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth (n.d.). The Innocence Project. Retrieved from http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Kirk_Bloodsworth.php Nuclear DNA (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA

Geometrical Application Of Ordinary Differential Equation

Geometrical Application Of Ordinary Differential Equation Many practical problems in science and engineering are formulated by finding how one quantity is related to, or depends upon, one or more (other) quantities defined In the problem. Often, it is easier to model a relation between the rates of changes in the variable rather than between the variables themselves. This study of this relationship gives rise to differential equation. Derivatives can always be interpreted as rate. For example, if x is a function of t then dx/dt is the rate of x with respect to t. if x denotes the displacement of a particle, then dx/dt represents the velocity of the particle. If x represents the electric charge then dx/dt represents the flow of charge that is the current. Derivatives of higher orders represents rate of rates. If x denotes the displacement of particle, then d2x/dt2 represents the accelerations. A differential equation can be defined as an equation containing derivatives of various orders and variables .differential equation which involves one independent variable are called ordinary differential equation. If the differential equation involves more than one independent variable and partial derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to them, than it is called partial differential equation. Explanation:- Let y be the dependent variable and x be the independent variable. So the system can be denoted as dy/dx= y , d2y/dx2=y Some Example of Ordinary Differential equation y=62 y+16y =2x x2y-xy+6y=log x yy+ y2 = x2 Introduction to differential equation, and solving linear differential equations using operator method:- In this Term paper, I will first introduce what differential equation is? Separable first order differential equation will be solved. Then the integrating factor will be taught to solve linear differential equation of the first degree. The auxiliary equation (or characteristic equation) will be introduced to solve homogeneous linear equations, and then operator method will be taught finally to solve non-homogeneous linear equations. This term paper assumes readers familiar with basic of calculus, like differentiation and integration. What is differential equation? A differential equation is an equation which contains derivatives. Here are some examples: In these equations, y is an unknown function depends on x which we would like to solve. These kind of equations are very important in different fields, like in chemistry describing rate of reaction, physics describing equation of motion, etc. Therefore, able to solve these equations analytically enables us to understand many natural process. The above equations are known as ordinary differential equations(ODE) since they only contain derivatives with respect to one variable, x. (note that the equations hold for all values of x) In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (or ODE) is a relation that contains functions of only one independent variable, and one or more of their derivatives with respect to that variable. A simple example is Newtons second law of motion, which leads to the differential equation for the motion of a particle of constant mass m. In general, the force F depends upon the position x(t) of the particle at time t, and thus the unknown function x(t) appears on both sides of the differential equation, as is indicated in the notation F(x(t)). Ordinary differential equations are distinguished from partial differential equations, which involve partial derivatives of functions of several variables. Ordinary differential equations arise in many different contexts including geometry, mechanics, astronomy and population modelling. Many famous mathematicians have studied differential equations and contributed to the field, including Newton, Leibniz, the Bernoulli family, Riccati, Clairaut, dAlembert and Euler. Much study has been devoted to the solution of ordinary differential equations. In the case where the equation is linear, it can be solved by analytical methods. Unfortunately, most of the interesting differential equations are non-linear and, with a few exceptions, cannot be solved exactly. Approximate solutions are arrived at using computer approximations. The trajectory of a projectile launched from a cannon follows a curve determined by an ordinary differential equation that is derived from Newtons second law. Ordinary differential equation Let y be an unknown function in x with y(n) the nth derivative of y, and let F be a given function then an equation of the form is called an ordinary differential equation (ODE) of order n. If y is an unknown vector valued function , it is called a system of ordinary differential equations of dimension m (in this case, F : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ mn+1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ m). More generally, an implicit ordinary differential equation of order n has the form where F : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ n+2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚  depends on y(n). To distinguish the above case from this one, an equation of the form is called an explicit differential equation. A differential equation not depending on x is called autonomous. A differential equation is said to be linear if F can be written as a linear combination of the derivatives of y together with a constant term, all possibly depending on x: with ai(x) and r(x) continuous functions in x. The function r(x) is called the source term; if r(x)=0 then the linear differential equation is called homogeneous, otherwise it is called non-homogeneous or inhomogeneous. Solutions Given a differential equation a function u: I à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ R à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R is called the solution or integral curve for F, if u is n-times differentiable on I, and Given two solutions u: J à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ R à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R and v: I à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ R à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R, u is called an extension of v if I à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ J and A solution which has no extension is called a global solution. Terminology Partial differential equations These are equations which involves more than one independent variable. For instance: Partial differential equations(PDE) are significantly more difficult than ODE, and we wont talk about it at this moment. Order Order of a differential equations is the order of the highest derivative in the equation. Order 1: Order 2: Degree The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative in the equation. Degree 1: Degree 2: Separable 1st order ODE If the ODE is in the following form, the solution can be found using integration easily: Example:- In the study of partial differentiation, recall that a function of two variables that equals a constant, describes the points in the 3-D plane with the same potential; . The curves that connect the points with the same potential are called level curves and have the value of c. A contour map is a level curve graph where common elevations are connected giving a 2-D representation of a 3-D reality. Using a LiveMath 3-D graph theory you can plot such a function along with the level curves describing the contours associated with that function. The picture below uses the following function to demonstrate this (here is a LiveMath plug-in animation of the graph below). In general terms, this type of equation is represented by the following: It describes the level curves and is the solution to the following differential equation. The equation below is just the total derivative of the function above. Because it is the total derivative of some function z(x,y) it is called an Exact Differential Equation. To help understand how to solve these types of equations you will look at the solution first and then analyze how to back into that solution. In this example you will take the total derivative of a function and analyze its parts. Then you will take this new equation (a differential equation now) and, knowing the answer, describe the method used to solve it. Input the following equation: To take a total derivative in LiveMath, first input the differential operator d times z (d*z). Input this into a second Prop and substitute the equation into it. Collect common terms on the RHS and Expand the coefficients of the differentials for the final answer. After setting the RHS equal to zero you will have a differential equation to solve. Notice how the coefficients are neither separable, homogeneous, nor are they linear. To help analyze this equation, label the coefficient of dx as M and the coefficient of dy as N. Both are functions of x and y so place the equation in the following form. The total derivative of a function is obtained by adding the partial derivatives of the coefficients. This is done with the equation below. Set up our notebook in the following manner: Perform the substitutions to give the partial derivatives. we can see that differential equations of this type are Exact. They are immediate derivatives of another function. You know this is true in this example because you developed the equation below by taking the derivative of the original function. we can describe an Exact Differential Equation as an equation whose dx coefficient is the partial derivative with respect to x of some function f(x,y) and whose dy coefficient is the partial derivative with respect to y of the SAME function. Since you dry-labed the last example you know what this equation, z=f(x,y), is. This will not be the case as you look to solve these problems though, so you need to find a way of determining that an equation is exact, then you will know that M and N are related to the solution equation in this way! Using the fact that these partial derivatives are of the same function will be the key to the method used to solve these equations. To test a differential equation for exactness, follow the method described in the next example. Test for Exactness This example demonstrates the test for exactness of the same equation used in the previous example. First input the differential equation as shown below. Remember to include an Independence Declaration inside the same case theory the test is performed. To test for exactness, equate the partial derivative with respect to y of M and the partial derivative with respect to x of N. Notice that these partials are with respect to the exact opposite variables as those used to determine the total derivative in the last example. The reason for this will become clear to you later when you derive this test. Set up the partial derivatives and solve by substituting M and N into the partial derivative Ops. The fact that they are equal means that the differential equation is exact! Method of Solution: To solve these types of equations you will need to take one or the other coefficient and go backwards to determine the solution. You can take either M or N to do this, it is up to you. For this example try using M. Solution Method First, set up an equation equating the unknown function, named , to an integral of M plus some unknown function of y. Call this function u for the time being. The reason you do this is the fact that to get M, the partial derivative was taken of the unknown function with respect to x. You will try to back into the answer by integrating M. This is not automatic though, because of the fact that when a partial derivative is performed, one of the variables is treated as a constant and therefore drops out (the derivative of a constant is = 0). Below this derivative is displayed again. We will not get back the function by integrating M, because the y term is not there! It is the constant, as is shown below where you try to get the function back by integrating M. This is very close to the answer, and with a little twist, will lead to a method that you will use to obtain the solution. Input the following props and perform the substitutions as shown. The user defined variable u is used in this case, rather than the arbitrary constant c, because you are actually looking for, what you might call, an arbitrary function. It will also be necessary later to have u defined as a variable for LiveMath to solve for the function. Now we have a potential function (), that represents the solution to the problem. To solve, the function u must be determined. If you take the partial derivative of the unknown function with respect to y this time, you will get N. By setting up the equation this way, you can then isolate u. You already know what N is, so: Next substitute the potential function into the Prop and solve for u by performing an integration. The final solution is achieved by substituting this u Prop back into the function . Since this function describes level curves, it is set equal to a constant c. The question remains, why do you take partial derivatives of M and N to determine if an equation is exact? M and N have been defined as the partial derivatives of z with respect to x and y respectively. By taking the second partial derivative of each coefficient WITH RESPECT TO THE OPPOSITE VARIABLE, the LHS of both of these equations is equal and therefore the RHS are equal too.

Malicious Code :: Essays Papers

Malicious Code Introduction "The wind of change came on 26th March in the form of an email cyclone called Melissa. Moreover, during 1999 numerous changes in the level of computer virus technology were seen," Armstrong (May 2000, p1). From an organisational point of view, societies around the world are just learning about the level of importance that computer security against virus attacks and the critical significance of cybercrime. Companies around the world lost vast amounts of time, money and resources due to the lack of defense systems and lack of knowledge. Companies must ensure that the all data processing equipment like computers, routers and networks are robust and secure to withstand any type of malicious attack. The following report details some of the more common malicious code specifically viruses, explaining some of the damage, which these very powerful viruses can inflict on to any computer that it is not well prepared for this kinds of attacks. Armstrong (July 2000, p1), states that: ‘February's big story for the information security marketplace was the distributed denial-of-service attacks, which rendered the likes of Yahoo!, eBay, and E*Trade helpless. Most recently, news of the LoveBug hit. While statisticians still grapple with the costs associated with recuperating from this newest bug's sting, the latest reports indicate that approximately 90 per cent of networks worldwide were affected. Recovery costs associated with the LoveBug are estimated to range from about $600 million upwards to a big $10 billion. Along with all these woes, companies also have to fend off attacks - not only from the outside, but more importantly from inside. Malicious Code - A Virus According to Pfleeger (1997, p179) A virus is a program that can pass on malicious code to other nonmalicious programs by modifying them. The term virus arises because the affected program acts like a biological virus: modification of good programs is like a virus that infects other healthy subjects. In Australia damaging data in a computer carries heavy penalties, according to Carroll (1997, p33) in New South Wales, section 310 of the Crimes Act as amended in 1989 states that a person intentionally and without authority or lawful excuse destroys, alters or erases data, or inserts data, or interrupts or obstructs the lawful use of a computer is liable to ten years of penal servitude or a fine of $100,000 or both . According to Fites, Kratz & Brebner (1989) viruses or worms , program contructions which can degrade an operating system, destroy data files, and do much damage to the information a computer works with.

Americas Role in the Cuban Revolution :: American America History

America's Role in the Cuban Revolution The revolution in Cuba was not a result of economic deprivation, nor because of high expectations in the economy, it was the political factors and expectations which evoked the civilians to revolt. The Cuban economy was moving forward at the time before the rebellion but the dominant influence of the sugar industry made the economy "assymetrical" and encouraged no "dynamic industrial sector". Because of the dependance on sugar, the unemployment rate ranged between 16 and 20% rising and falling with sugar prices, ebbing and flowing as the season changed. The rural wage levels were incredibly unsteady and unpredictable; the standard of living was low. Dependance on the sugar industry did not retard the economy of Cuba, just the wages of its workers. It was the leaders of the nation who reaped profit from this dependance, and it was the leaders of the nation who insisted on keeping the nation the way it was. By the mid 1950's, however, the middle class had expanded to 33% of the population. Democracy, as we know it, broke down: the large middle class did not assert democratic leadership, there was no social militancy in the working class ranks, and the people found order preferable to disarray. Batista could no longer legitimize his regime. Failure in the elections of 1954 showed the discontent of the people, and failure in communications with the United States illustrated its discontent. Finally, opposing forces confronted Batista's power: there were street protests, confrontations with the police, assault, sabotage, and urban violence. This began the revolution in Cuba. America, with its stubborn ideas and misjudgements of character, forced Castro to turn to the Soviets for alliance and aid. When Castro visited the United States in April, 1959, there were different respected individuals holding different views of him and his future actions. Nixon believed Castro to be naive, some others thought him a welcome change from Batista, still others called him an "immature but effective leader, without a well formed view of how to lead a revolutionary movement and not overly concerned with abstract of philosophical matters" (p. 55). Why, then, did the United States impress nit-picky ideals like "there should not be communists in the Army or in labor", or "Cuba's approach to the Batista trials is totally unacceptable, too casual, too nonchalant" on this "forming" leader? Castro was like an inexperienced murderer with a gun in his hand: any rustle in the background could set off his nervous trigger

Borders and Walls in Humanity :: History Barriers Society Philosophy Essays

Borders and Walls in Humanity When a wall is encountered literally and physically, there are many different ways in which a person can react to the situation. One group of people would generally just find a way over or around the obstacle. While some other people might pursue a way directly through the wall. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, but they both exist as outcomes to the same dilemma. The basic wall has been around with humans for as long as the discovery of masonry has been around. Robert Frost’s poem Mending Wall is one such example of how a wall can have conflicting properties of human interaction. The neighbor in the poem says that â€Å"fences make good neighbors† and that the two neighbors involved with the wall rebuild it each spring and they enjoy fixing the wall with each other. The poem just helps illustrate that walls are an important factor in human activities. Walls are not limited to any specific culture or region and still they continue to be built over t ime. Yet the general application of the wall has been used primarily to either wall something out, or to keep something walled in. The earliest walls were made with a human skill called stone masonry which is the skilled stacking of stones to form a cohesive structure. Walls as just a singular structure and not to be considered as part of an enclosed building with a roof, is a general subject that changes details from area to area. Walls the keep things in have generally been used as a way to border up local activities within a certain amount of space. Some more obvious examples of walls as barriers to keep things within the walls include; prisons, walled-in private communities, farm fences, and other examples where people want to maintain their own private space. Walls that can do the exact opposite of keeping substance inside are meant to be obstructions that keep other things outside from a space. National and private borders are an example of walling out unwanted factors . Security fences, walls as defensive locations, and walls simply placed for the sole purpose of obstruction are effective obstacles that humans have been building for centuries. Early building materials for a wall would be limited to the natural resources in the local area that the builders would want to build the wall in.

The Causes of World War One

‘World War One was the result of a series of unintended and disconnected events. ’ Does this opinion adequately explain the causes of World War One? It is understandable that historians ponder on what exactly caused a war that destroyed Europe’s economy, cost the lives of 37 million men and involved a country from every region of the world (from the Americas to Asia). The opinion this essay will discuss implies that the events that led to this major conflict were unintended and disconnected; and in order to emit a judgement that would agree or disagree with this view it is important to first identify the causes of world war one.Therefore this essay will first discuss the different types of causes (long, mid and short terms), respectively nationalism, imperialism/militarism and the ‘blank cheque’. Hence this essay will evaluate whether these were ‘disconnected and unintended events’ or if there is a connection between the causes. The main sources used in this essay are Coles’ general notes on world history and historian Martin Gilbert’s book entitled ‘First World War’. The long term causes prepared the ground for the war.Nationalism can be categorized into the long term causes because it had influenced Europe prior to 1914, and as French writer Guy de Maupassant argues, ‘it is the eldest cause of any war’. Quite a popular phenomenon in the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th, nationalism produced pride in one’s country’s achievements. The world war one themes paper observed that this ‘led to xenophobia and ideas of racial superiority’; but what it fails to mention is that as much as nationalism could provide feelings of superiority it could also provide feelings of equality.For example, minorities that previously were dominated by larger powers were now swept with waves of nationalism. This could be observed in the Balkans in the prelude of th e world war; where small states were experimenting Pan-Slavism, ‘a nationalistic movement for political and cultural solidity of all Slavic people’ thus a threat to the Austrian Empire who dominated the South Slavs.One could argue that this form of nationalism led to Franz Ferdinand’s assassination by an extreme Serb nationalist group, or that it was the Austrian’s nationalism (their pride in their achievement of an empire) that pressured them into keeping all minorities within the empire at all costs; this leading to the Austro-Hungarian ‘impossible’ ultimatum to Serbia on the 23rd of July 1914.Nationalist mood in Europe could also be seen in France; more than 30 years after the French were defeated in the Franco-Prussian war a black cloth still veiled the statue of Strasbourg in the Place de la Concorde and it was a symbol, a constant reminder of the loss of the two eastern provinces, Alsace and Lorraine. The French still remembered the defe at and often spoke of ‘La Revanche’ (the revenge).As historian Gilbert argues, ‘War, if it came, would be an irresistible opportunity to fulfil long harboured desires or to avenge long-nurtured hatreds’. Historian Martin Kelly also argues that ‘it was nationalism, that manifested itself in the pan-Slav feeling of the Russian population, that tied Russia and Serbia together whilst Austria declared war, and thereby triggering what would have been a limited local conflict into world war’.When the Russian tsar signed the order commanding full mobilisation of Russian troops because ‘Russia could not remain indifferent to a declaration of war on Serbia’ and as the ultimate proof of the stimulating effects of Nationalism, editor Alex Bein remembered that ‘the Russian popular sentiment applauded the fullest possible solidarity with the beleaguered fellow Slavs of Serbia’. In this particular case it is difficult to determine wh ether these events occurred under the ‘Nationalism’ potential cause or the ‘Alliances’.Without dropping into philosophical or anthropological arguments, this essay will assume that alliances themselves were generated because of nationalism, as countries really wanted to increase their power by allying themselves with other powers, which in the end is motivated by a nationalist feeling. It is often observed in general history that events sometimes only occur because they are in a specific context. ‘Mid-term’ causes, if it the events that occurred slightly prior to the commencement of the war (between 1970 and 1914) can be labelled so, could be held responsible for creating a context specific to that time.In this case, militarism and imperialism greatly shaped the relations between the powers and consequently the political shape of pre-war Europe. Imperialism was a symbol of power that allowed the European powers to expand their overseas territor ies and therefore ‘gain new markets, raw materials and fields of investment’. The movement of ‘the Scramble for Africa’ left most of the African continent occupied by Europeans, notably colonies of Britain, France, Portugal, Spain and Belgium; Germany did have some overseas territories, but as historian Gilbert remarks ‘The Kaiser did not make ffective use of its colonies, and owned them by name rather than by practice’. This observation shows that the Kaiser attached a symbolic importance to colonies. The ambitious German king wished that his recently united Germany (the German unification had only occurred in 1971, not even half a century before the war) would possess more overseas territories. Unfortunately most of the African continent was already ‘occupied’; leaving the Kaiser with a bitter feeling of rivalry with Britain and France.This led to the dangerous Agadir crisis, in which the Kaiser had ordered a fleet to establish a port at Agadir, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The British feared this would give the Germans an undesired strong grip in Northern Africa, and thus threatened them to respond in ‘a hostile manner’ if the German gunboat did not depart immediately. ‘The threat was effective, but the rancour which left it was equally strong’, noted Gilbert. At the Reichstag, a few weeks after the event, a social democrat commented in a worried tone that tensions could lead to a war, to which a parliamentarian responded: ‘After every war things are better! The imperialistic tendencies of Europeans unavoidably led to tensions within Europe itself, generating mutual suspicions and fear. This could explain why the European powers felt the need to invest in the military: in the 1870s, all six major European powers had adopted compulsory military training, which resulted in some 4 ? million men under arms by 1914. Each power’s General army staffs had well-drawn batt le plans in readiness: the French had ‘Plan 17’, the Germans had ‘Schlieffen plan’ and Russians had ‘Plan A’. By the beginning of the conflict a total amount of $2 billion a year was spent on armament (all powers combined).It can only be logically concluded that if the powers were investing so much time and money in military they were intending to use it. Finally, it was the ‘short term’ causes led to critical events that escalated into the war. A general historical view observes that it all began when Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, on the 28th of June 2014. The Italian foreign minister at the time observed that ‘The telegram indicated that the assassination of the Archduke was the occasion rather than the cause of Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia, and it reveals the reason for Austria’s action [invading Serbia]’.This view can also be supported by the fact that ‘between 1906 and 1914 the Austrian Chief of Staff General Hotzendorf had asked more than 25 times for a ‘surprise’ war on Serbia’. The Austro-Hungarians wanted to reduce Serbia’s power by attacking her. When they were provided with an excuse to do so (Ferdinand’s assassination) ‘They were not fully confident to attack immediately for fear of Russian retaliation,’ argues Gilbert: ‘but the fact that they had unconditional German support if ever the conflict widened gave them confidence’.It is argued that the Germans had given their full support because the Austro-Hungarians were their most precious allies, and they could not afford losing the cooperation of the other central power when they were encircled by the Triple Entente (Russia, Britain and France). Therefore, to some extent, it can be argued that it is this unconditional support that pushed Austria to declare war on Serbia, without considering the Russian factor. The main issue with identifyi ng causes of the world war is that there are several and none that can be granted full prominence because opinions vary.It is also difficult to establish a cause and effect relationship, because there is no precision and again, it is subjective. This considered, a link can still be noticed in the causes enumerated above: Nationalism made European powers want to achieve more for them, leading to prestigious and expensive colonization. Unfortunately these imperialist tendencies created conflicts between the powers, creating mutual suspicions and alliances. The tensions gave the powers a feeling of insecurity, and led way to intense militarisation which meant that the powers could be ready in a matter of weeks in the event of a war.The Germans were so prepared for a war they could afford giving their unconditional support to Austria, who then attacked Serbia, and triggered the alliance system. It is a way to explain how the causes are linked; but it is not necessarily pertinent in the sense that these events could have been simply events; they only became causes because of the war. For example, if we use counterfactual history and assume that Austria would have never attacked Serbia, perhaps the war would have broken out over Britain and Germany fighting for an access to the Suez Canal, which at that time would have been likely.Perhaps the war would have never happened if the Europeans did not see war as an acceptable method to solve conflicts: as the German parliamentarian had pointed out, ‘after a war all things are better! ’ and the view that most historians believe that actually the war ‘had long been in the making’. As the American historical review states, ‘There was no slide to war, no war caused by ‘unintended’ events, but instead a world war caused by a fearful set of elite statesmen and rulers making deliberate choices’.Word count: 1 712Bibliography & Words cited â€Å"A. J. P. Taylor. † Wik ipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Aug. 2012. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/A. _J. _P. _Taylor>. â€Å"Causes of World War 1. † About. com American History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http://americanhistory. about. com/od/worldwari/tp/causes-of-world-war-1. htm>. Clare, John D. â€Å"Causes of WWI – Four Steps to War. † Causes of WWI – Four Steps to War. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http://www. johndclare. net/causes_WWI4. htm>. Gilbert, Martin. â€Å"Chapter 1: Prelude to War. † The First World War: A Complete History. New York: H. Holt, 1994. N. pag. Print. Gilbert, Martin. â€Å"Chapter 2: Wild with Joy. † The First World War: A Complete History. New York: H. Holt, 1994. N. pag. Print. â€Å"Nationalism. † Nationalism, Patriotism and Loyalty to Causes. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http://www. tentmaker. org/Quotes/nationalism_patriotism_quotes. html>. †Summary of the Causes of WW1† Moodle. isp. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012. <http://isparis. moodle. overnetdata. com/file. php/13/Summary_of_the_Causes_of_WW1. pdf>. World History: Notes. Toronto: Coles Pub. , 1979. Print.

John Keats’ “On the Sonnet” and William Wordsworth “Convent’s narrow room” Essay

Two sonnets, â€Å"On the Sonnet† by John Keats and â€Å"Nuns fret not at their convent’s narrow room† by William Wordsworth, address the same subject, the restrictions of the sonnet. Despite the same subject matter, they approach these restrictions using different forms and imagery, and each has his own opinion of the subject. Keats starts off his sonnet using an allusion from Greek mythology: Andromeda, a princess chained to a rock and in danger of being devoured by a sea monster. This was his main idea and criticism of the structure of the sonnet–if poets are chained by the Shakespearean or Italian format, the sonnet will eventually lose its spirit and be devoured over time. He advises his fellow sonneteers to â€Å"fit the naked foot of poesy†, like us wearing shoes by breaking the rhythm and imposing creativity on the form, so the sonnet can endure. This is because it will stand out among mediocre sonnets. Keats` other allusion is to King Midas and his gold; he uses Midas to express how miserly poets have to be with their words and not to use clichà ©s, â€Å"dead leaves in the bay-wreath crown†. His last allusion is to the Muse-Greek goddess of art-to express the creativeness and freedom needed for the beauty of poetry. With â€Å"the weight of too much liberty†, poetry is as restrictive as ever, argues Wordsworth. If these restrictions are too much, do not write a sonnet because like poets who write a sonnet, nuns choose their convents, hermits their cells, maids their looms and bees their foxglove bells: all make this choice willingly. This vivid imagery makes plain what writing a sonnet is all about: a personal choice to chain ourselves because we enjoy it. It is sometimes better to play in a â€Å"scanty plot of ground† then run through the vast open fields and be lost and confused. The restrictions are what makes it more challenging and forces us to create something more beautiful than just prose. Wordsworth finds peace in a restrictive sonnet, like us when we lock ourselves in our room to do the same. Each true to his word and ideas, the poets practice what they preach in their sonnets. Keats does not write his sonnet in any particular known form. It is broken into three parts; ln 1-6: expressing what poetry is like; ln 7-9:  what poets must pay attention to; ln 10-14: what poets must avoid in writing. He follows what he says about â€Å"if we must be constrained†, that he wrote the poem in iambic pentameter. Wordsworth as well does what he says about writing true to the sonnets restrictions. His entire sonnet consists of only 4 rhymes, abba abba cddc cd, and the poem is also broken into three parts, ln 1-7: comparing the sonnet to other things in life, ln 8-9 ½: his statement on the sonnet restrictions, and ln 9 ½-14: why his statement is so. Neither seems to agree about the roles restrictions play in the sonnet–Keats complains about them and tells us how to make the sonnet better, while Wordsworth is saying, take the challenge and enjoy doing it.