Causes of Human Trafficking

Causes of Human TraffickingAn examination of the issues and challenges of trafficking bring us formulation to face with the stark reality of the situation. Hordes of women and small fryren argon victims of grave humane rights violation having been trafficked by vested interests using lure, deceit, compulsion, threat and coercion before being shakeed into the gory piece of CSE or other forms of bondage. They ar subjected to physical and mental trauma, economic want and violations of their dignity. The post trafficking scenario finds the victim at the end of the tunnel with almost no hope of survival. Vulnerability situations and gender disparity eat been facilitating and perpetuating trafficking.A hardly a(prenominal) alarming trends that have emerged in recent years are inner victimisation through sex tourism, paedophilia, prostitution in pilgrim towns and other tourist addresss and cross-border trafficking.Trafficking of women and children is definitely non a localis ed issue. There may be a few instances of trafficking within the community scarcely it is largely a borderless crime transgressing the boundaries of police stations, districts, states, countries and percentages. Over the years various countries in the to the s awayh Asian region have emerged as sources, destinations and/or transit points. much so India has emerged as a source, destination and transit for trafficking for varied purposes much(prenominal) as for commercial sexual exploitation and labour. era intra- coarse trafficking forms the bulk of the trafficked victims, cross-border trafficking in addition takes personate, curiously from Nepal and Bangladesh. Women and children are too trafficked to the Middle Eastern countries and other split of the world for purposes of cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation.Trafficking though not reported from many places happens e realwhere. The situation is worse in underdeveloped regions. hither come into play the push an d pull factors of trafficking and its interplay with the forces of demand and supply. For instance trafficking of women and children from the North-Eastern states of India and bordering countries, in both directions, is a serious issue. The long drawn extremist activities as well as the ethnic clashes and conflicts between several groups in this region have made women and children in the entire region highly vulnerable. inadequacy of infrastructural development and livelihood options have exacerbated the situation1. Since trafficking in this heavens cuts crosswise different states and countries, it fills to be studied in detail and dealt with suitably by the agencies of the Government of India, along with the state political sciences and appropriate NGOs working in this field.While the pull factors appear to be the dominant cause of trafficking, the push factors not only contribute to but exacerbate the situation. It is the economically cacuminal and socially discriminated and deprived sections of society, who are the most vulnerable. Even among them the girl child is the worst hit as she is regarded as a liability. The gender discrimination prevalent in the social milieu and different forms of violence against women kindred infanticide, female foeticide adds to the exposure. This is further accentuated during periods of acute economic distress like drought, flood, feed shortage, etc. The debt crisis due to economic deprivation as well as the collapse of social security systems has spurred migration, which has likewise eventually contributed to trafficking.That trafficking is a low-risk and high-profit supposition is not doubted. A well formal trafficker with many connect may easily have an extremely profitable and safe lineage of trading in women and children, with an income running into several lakhs a year2. In comparison the earnings of the trafficked persons are a pittance. There appears to be no instance where illegal wealth amassed by the t rafficker has been forfeited. Action on this front by all the governments is essential as a substantiation also since it is a source of black money in the economy.While exploring the links between migration and trafficking, it emerged that restrictions on womens migration, coupled with lack of protective measures increases their vulnerability to trafficking. Therefore, migration has to be understood and addressed from a developmental perspective if trafficking is to be prevented. There is a strong linkage between migration with gender, development and cheeseparing governance. A holistic approach, addressing all these dimensions, is called for. Safe migration, prevention of trafficking and containment of HIV/ aid are central to the development the south Asian region. These are parameters having a direct bearing on worldly concern safety and, therefore, on internal security. Anti trafficking strategies assume to recognise peoples rights to move with informed choice.With the surge in tourism in several countries of South Asia, sex tourism and link up trafficking has also gone up. The governments of many developing countries with a view to load-bearing(a) tourism and consequent economic development turn a trick eye to these problems. Undoubtedly, economic development tin cannot be at the cost of exploitation and trafficking. On the whole there is hardly any awareness or any conscious effort to address the issues come to.The rehabilitative scenario presents a actually pitiful propose. More often than not, the efforts are disjointed and ad-hoc. There are no institutionalised mechanisms in most of the countries and states of India. The counselling and vocational reading imparted in the rehabilitation homes are usually dictated by the availability of facilities and resources and not by the best interests of the victims. The needs of the rescued person need to be considered in a comprehensive manner. Along with psycho-social intervention, medical care, v ocational training etc also have to be taken into account. Livelihood options have to be leaved to the victims. Micro-credit and such other facilities need to be extended. Once rehabilitated a follow up mechanism needs to be in place to see that there is no retrafficking. There is a need to provide them access and awareness to such facilities through help lines, help kiosks, public awareness campaigns, etc.Trafficking of women and children has to be addressed in the specific setting of the push factors in the concerned community. Since the exploiters take advantage of the helplessness of curt rural families, preventive action must necessarily involve empowering the powerless, oddly in rural areas. Concerted efforts by the government, in cooperation with credible NGOs and PRIs can be helpful in achieving this.Thus an integrated approach involving the 3 components of prevention, safeguard and prosecutionin rough-and-readyly addressing trafficking is needed. Since trafficking is an organised crime, involving a numerousness of actors linked together in a chain, professional methods of dealing with them are called for. Certainty and stringency of punishment of the exploiters, without any delay whatsoever, is the essential indispensability for preventing trafficking. Simultaneously, the victims need to be rescued and rehabilitated in a sustainable manner. As lack of priority, time and sensitivity as well as ignorance of the issues concerned are commonly seen as the factors responsible for the present day dismal picture in enforcement, an effective networking of the constabulary enforcement agencies with NGOs can make adequate to(predicate) dent in the given situation.The reaction scenario with watch to trans-border trafficking is fraught with un vertical turnable challenges and problems. The nationality of the trafficked person often becomes a serious issue. Another issue with respect to trans-border trafficking is that of the procedures of repatriatio n. In fact, many rescued victims are confined to rescue homes for much than a decade despite the fact that they had to suffer exploitation in brothels for only a few months. The post-rescue non-rehabilitative scenario is not only traumatic but also violative of human rights. The problems are aggravated because the host country usually refuses to acknowledge the nationality of the person. In many instances, the victims are unable to believe the details of their parentage and original village, causing difficulties in verification and authentication. captivate governmental systems are yet to take shape and become functional. This is an area that needs immediate attention. There is limited bilateral and regional cooperation espically in relation to law enforcement, border interdiction, victim repatriation and prevention. There is a lack in collection, analysis and dissemination of trafficking data and information sharing. Trans-border bilateral arrangements are immediately called fo r to address these issues. It is high time that the concerned government agencies took endeavor in this regard. For South Asia regional criminal justice cooperation is particularly pregnant as much of the cross border trafficking that takes place is intra regional and presently there is no formal regional police arrangement (SAARCPOL) to invade such transnational crimes.The situation in the country presents a picture of lack of cohesion and coordination. Whether it is intra-state trafficking, inter-state trafficking or trans-border trafficking, the agencies involved in rescue do not seem to have any coordination with the agencies concerned with rehabilitation. The issue of lose women and children has been seen in isolation and was never seen in correlation with trafficking. There is no common platform linking up prevention strategies between source and destination areas. The absence of a national coordinating/monitoring agency has been a serious impediment in justice delivery a nd protection of human rights. Therefore, in order to ensure the best interests of the victims, to bring about effective coordination at the national level and to coordinate preventive strategies, programmes and polices, there is also a need for a national nodal agency to combat trafficking.The number of non-governmental organisations working in the field has increased enormously during the last few years. However, the vast majority of them are located in urban centres and very few have grassroots connections. There is a dire need for genuine and concerned NGOs to work on anti-trafficking in the rural areas, especially in the source and transit areas. Their synergy with the PRIs, can yield good dividends. Moreover the NGOs are mostly working on rescue and post-rescue activities, including protection and prosecution. There are very few NGOs which are focussed on prevention of trafficking. This area also craves for attention by the civil society.Trafficking of women and children is th e last violation of human rights, but on the other hand, the response of the government and non-governmental sector is more or less ad hoc and individual-oriented, and seldom institutionalised. The point and depth of exploitation of the trafficked victims have never been fathomed by the agencies concerned and, therefore, the response scenario has been dismal. The study also shows that post-rescue programmes lack the essence of empowerment. The welfare approach, which is commonplace, has to be replaced by a rights-based approach, where the survivors, the victims as well as prospective victims (the vulnerable ones) should be involved not only in developing strategies but also in implementing them. A participatory and holistic approach can be in the best interests of the victim, survivor and all concerned.As is seen poverty and analphabetism are the main elements constituting the substratum for trafficking. Herein operates the demand factor. This demand is fuelled by several other fa ctors like the impunity with which the traffickers can operate, thanks to the distortions in law enforcement. The low risk enjoyed by the exploiters, coupled with the high profit in this world of crass commercialisation, ensures perpetuation of trafficking. Whereas the traffickers have no restriction on court jurisdictions or the boundaries between police stations, districts, states, and even nations in carrying out their trade, the enforcement agencies are bogged down by restrictions and limitations of all sorts, which are effectively capitalised by the traffickers. The response by the government agencies and even civil society has established that they have been able to address only the tip of the iceberg. The trends and dimensions of the problem of trafficking has undefended how it is the ultimate human rights violation and how holistic developmental issues are profoundly linked to it and which needed to be addressed for successfully combating the menace.